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Anatomy II > Hematology and Heart > Flashcards

Hematology and Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Three Types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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2
Q

Two Types of Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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3
Q

Neutrophils

A

Multi-lobed
Most abundant (60-70%)
Increase in bacterial infections

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4
Q

Eosinophils

A

Bi-lobed
2-4%
Increase in parasitic worm infections/allergies
Abundant in mucous membranes

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5
Q

Basophils

A

S or U shaped nucleus
0.5%
Release heparin and histamine
Increase in chicken pox, sinusitis

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6
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Large round nucleus
2nd most common (25-33%)
B Cells (found in bone marrow)
T Cells (mature in thymus)

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7
Q

Monocytes

A 
Large horseshoe-shaped nucleus
3-8%
Present antigens
Form macrophages in tissue
Increase in viral infections and inflammation
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8
Q

Macrophages

A 
Highly phagocytic cells
Rise during viral infections
Antigen presenting cells
Alert immune system to foreign invaders
Destroy dead/dying host and foreign cells
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9
Q

Normal Leukocyte Count

A

5,000-10,000 WBCs/ul

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10
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low WBC count caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and autoimmune diseases

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11
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increased WBC count caused by infection, parasitic infections, and bone tumors

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12
Q

Leukemia

A

Bone cancer; increased circulating immature leukocytes caused by bone marrow and blood cancer and genetic/environmental factors
Acute kills quickly, Chronic kills slowly

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13
Q

Myeloid Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes

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14
Q

Lymphoid Leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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15
Q

Platelets/Thrombocytes

A

Fragments of Megakaryocytes
2nd most abundant formed element
130,000-400,000/ul
Assist with clotting small cuts

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16
Q

Platelet Production

A

Thrombopoiesis
Thrombopoietin from liver and kidney stimulate production from hemopoietic stem cells
Megakaryoblasts duplicate DNA without undergoing division
Produces a Megakaryocyte
Proplatelets extend through endothelium and break off

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17
Q

Hemostasis

A

The control of hemhorrage

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18
Q

Three Hemostatic Mechanisms

A
  1. Vascular Spasm (vasoconstriction)
  2. Platelet Plug
  3. Blood Clotting (formation of fibrin threads)
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19
Q

Platelet Plug Formation

A

Adenosine Triphosphate attracts platelets

Platelets adhere to each other

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20
Q

Coagulation

A

Involves 12 procoagulants and 30 chemical reactions
Last and most effective defense
Produced in the liver
Vitamin K required

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21
Q

Clot Formation

A

Objective: convert fibrinogen into fibrin

Intrinsic (within the blood) and Extrinsic (released by tissue damage)

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22
Q

Intrinsic

A

Factor VII activates Factor X

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23
Q

Extrinsic

A

Factor III + Factor VII + Ca2+ = Factor X

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24
Q

First Stage

A

Intrinsic (within the blood) and Extrinsic (released by tissue damage)

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25
Q

Second Stage

A

Prothrombin + Prothrombin Activator = Thrombin

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26
Q

Third Stage

A

Fibrinogen + Thrombin = Fibrin

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27
Q

Fourth Stage

A

Fibrin + Factor XIII = Fibrin Polymer

28
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

The dissolution of a clot using enzymes

29
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Stop clotting

Examples: heparin, warfarin, aspirin, EDTA

30
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Inability to form clots

Hemophilia

31
Q

Intravascular Clotting

A

Thrombosis and Embolism

32
Q

Thrombosis

A

Clot (thrombus) forming in an unbroken blood vessel

33
Q

Embolism

A

Embolus is a thrombus circulating in the blood
Can block blood supply to an organ (infarction)
MI or stroke
Pulmonary embolism

34
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

A blood clot forming in a leg vein from DVT that moves to the lungs

35
Q

Coronary Thrombosis

A

Clot formation in the heart

36
Q

ABO Blood Group

A

Determined by presence or absence of agglutinogens A and B

Plasma contains agglutinins that attack the A or B agglutinogens not found in your blood cells

37
Q

Type A

A

Has A agglutinogens

38
Q

Type B

A

Has B agglutinogens

39
Q

Type AB

A

Universal recipients
A and B agglutinogens
No plasma agglutinins

40
Q

Type O

A

Universal donors
Neither A nor B agglutinogens
AB agglutinogens

41
Q

Rh Blood Group

A

People with Rh agglutinogens (D) are Rh+

People without Rh agglutinogens (D) are Rh-

42
Q

Rh Plasma

A

Plasma does not normally contain anti-Rh agglutinins unless exposed to the antigen as a fetus

43
Q

Bone Marrow Transplant

A

Intravenous transfer of healthy bone marrow stem cells
Must have similar Major Histamine Complex
Immunosuppressive drugs required
Treatment for leukemia, sickle-cell, lymphoma

44
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Consists of pump (heart) and tubes (vessels)

Two major divisions: pulmonary and systemic

45
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Right side of the heart

Blood to lungs for gas exchange

46
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Left side of the heart

Supplies blood to all other tissues of the body

47
Q

Heart Location and Size

A

Located in mediastinum

Size of a fist

48
Q

Pericardium

A

Membrane surrounding the heart

Allows heart to beat without friction

49
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A
  1. CT membrane

2. Outer layer

50
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Contains pericardial fluid

51
Q

Visceral/Serous Pericardium

A

Covers heart surface

52
Q

Layers of Heart Wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

53
Q

Epicardium

A

Simple squamous

Serous membrane

54
Q

Myocardium

A

Muscular portion

Contracts in a spiral motion to squeeze blood out of ventricles

55
Q

Endocardium

A

Lines ventricles

56
Q

Four Heart Chambers

A

Right Atria
Right Ventricle
Left Atria
Left Ventricle

57
Q

Right Atria

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from systemic circuit

58
Q

Left Atria

A

Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circuit

59
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Pumps to pulmonary arteries

60
Q

Left Ventricle

A

Pumps to systemic arteries

61
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

Separates right and left ventricles

Left ventricle is most muscular because it pumps to systemic circuit

62
Q

General Circulatory Pathway

A 
Right Atria
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Returns through pulmonary veins
Left Atria
Left Ventricle
Aorta
Vessels
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus
Repeat
63
Q

Atrioventricular Heart Valves

A

Right AV Valve: 3 cusps (tricuspid)

Left AV Valve: 2 cusps (bicuspid, mitral)

64
Q

Chordae Tendinae

A

Connect valves to papillary muscles and allow valves to open and close to allow one way flow

65
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

Pulmonary Semilunar: RV to pulmonary trunk
Aortic Semilunar: Aorta
Both have 3 cusps and no chordae tendinae

Anatomy II (16 decks)

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