Flashcards in Need to Work on for Test Deck (84):
1
Intravascular Clotting
Thrombosis and Embolism
2
Three Hemostatic Mechanisms
Platelet Plug
Vasoconstriction
Blood clotting
3
Second Stage of Clotting
Prothrombin + Prothrombin Activator = Thrombin
4
Fourth Stage of Clotting
Fibrin + Factor XIII = Fibrin Polymer
5
Thrombosis
Formation of a clot in an unbroken blood vessel
6
Rh Plasma
Does not contain anti-Rh unless exposed as a fetus
7
Platelets/Thrombocytes
Aid in clotting
130,000-400,000
2nd most abundant
8
Myocardium
Muscular portion
Contracts in a spiral motion
9
Neutrophils
Most abundant (60-70%)
Increase during bacterial infections
10
Fibrous Pericardium
CT membrane
Outer layer
11
Intrinsic
Factor VII activates Factor X
12
Eosinophils
2-4%
Increase during parasitic infections
13
Extrinsic
Factor III + Factor VII + Ca++ = Factor X
14
Lymphocytes
25-33%
B Cells and T Cells
15
Basophils
0.5%
Release heparin and histamine
16
Monocytes
3-8%
Antigen-presenting cells
Macrophages
Increase in viral infections and inflammation
17
Myeloid Leukocytes
Granulocytes
18
Three Features of Intercalated Discs
Interdigitating folds
Mechanical junctions
Electrical junctions
19
Premature Ventricular Contraction
QRS inverted
Common in college students
20
Action Potential of Ventricular Cardiocyte
Na channels open
Na depolarizes membrane
Na closes and voltage peaks at 30mV
Ca enters and causes a plateau
Ca closes and K repolarizes
21
Left Coronary Artery
Anterior Interventricular Artery
Circumflex Artery
22
Pacemaker Physiology
Slow leak Na enters
Ca opens at -40mV
K channels open at 0mV
Repeat once polarization is complete
23
Right Coronary Artery
Posterior Interventricular Artery
Marginal Artery
24
Myocardial vs. Skeletal
Skeletal: voluntary, excitation coupling
Myocardial: involuntary, SA node
25
Heart Block
Conduction is weak through AV bundle
26
Similarities Between Myocardial and Skeletal
Striated
Z-discs
Tropomyosin and troponin
27
Conduction System of the Heart
SA node fires
Excitation through atrial myocardium
AV node fires
Excitation travels down AV bundle
Purkinje fibers distribute
28
Electrical Activity
Atria depolarize (P)
Depolarization complete
Ventricles depolarize while atria repolarize (QR)
Ventricular depolarization is complete (S)
Ventricles repolarize (T)
Repolarization ocmplete
29
Structure of Cardiac Muscle
Cardiocytes
Intercalated discs
T-tubules
Fatty acids as fuel, glucose at rest
30
Intercalated Discs
Join all cardiac cells
31
Atrial Fibrillation
Atria quiver
Common in elderly
32
Ventricular Fibrillation
Heart cannot pump
Irregular waves of depolarization
Most serious
33
Parasympathetic
Decreases HR
Bradycardia
34
Ventricular Diastole (value)
30mL
35
Nerve Supply to Heart
Autonomous: Intrinsic Rate
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Additional input from CNS
36
Conducting Arteries
Largest
Main highways
37
Cardiac Reserve
Difference between maximum output and output at rest
38
Distributing Arteries
Distribute blood to specific organs
39
Continuous Capillaries
Intercellular Clefts
Allow glucose, ions, and amino acids
40
Small Vessels
Resistance vessels
Neighborhoods
41
Fenestrated Capillaries
Holes to allow passage of H2O, retains proteins
42
Sinusoids
Many fenestrations
Allow clotting factors to enter circulation
43
Autonomic Regulation
Sympathetic originates in cervical--thoracic
Speeds up heart
44
Parasympathetic
Originates in vagus nerve in medulla oblongata
Slows the heart
45
Ventricular Diastole
Ventricular filling
Atrial filling
Atrial systole
46
Stroke Volume
Volume ejected per beat
(EDV-ESV)
47
End Systolic Volume (value)
50-60mL
48
Ejection Fraction
Blood at beginning of systole ejected during systole
SV/EDV
49
Atrial Systole (value)
40mL
50
Afterload
Pressure that must be overcome in order to open semilunar valves
51
Stroke Volume (value)
70mL
52
Veins
Lower BP
Reservoirs for blood
Accommodate increased volume
53
Venous Sinuses
No smooth muscle
54
Varicose Veins
Caused by leaky venous valves
Pooling of blood
55
Portal System
Blood flows to two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart
56
Venous Anastomosis
Most common blockage
Less serious
Alternative drainage of organs
57
Arterial Anastomosis
Collateral circulation (coronary)
58
Venous Constriction
Constriction of veins during muscular activity or hemorrhage
Increased venoconstriction = increased preload, stroke volume, and cardiac output
59
Capillary Exchange
Only occurs across capillary walls between blood and surrounding tissues
60
Three Routes of Capillary Exchange
Intercellular clefts
Fenestrations
Through cytoplasm
61
Mechanisms Involved in Capillary Exchange
Diffusion
Transcytosis
Filtration and reabsorption
62
Filtration
BP drives fluid out of capillary
High on arterial side, low on venous side
63
Reabsorption
Colloid osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillary
Same on both ends
Results from plasma proteins
64
Oncotic Pressure
Net colloid osmotic pressure
65
Dynamics of Capillary Exchange
Provides tissue with nutrients
66
Net Filtration
20L/day at arterial end
67
Net Reabsorption
17L/day at venous end
68
Starling's Law of Capillaries
Volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed is almost as large as the volume filtered
69
Net Filtration Pressure
Determines whether fluids leave or enter capillaries
70
Net Outward Pressure
10mmHg at arterial end
71
Net Inward Pressure
9mmHg at venous end
72
Edema
Buildup of fluid
Not noticeable until 30% above normal
73
Result of Excess Filtration
Increased BP and increased permeability of capillaries allow plasma proteins to escape
74
Result of Inadequate Reabsorption
Decreased concentration of plasma proteins lowers blood colloid osmotic pressure
Inadequate synthesis or loss from liver disease, burns, malnutrition, or kidney disease
75
Causes of Edema
Poor venous return
Kidney failure
Histamine makes capillaries more permeable
Obstructed lymphatic drainage
76
Consequences of Edema
Circulatory shock
Tissue necrosis
77
Vasoconstriction
Sympathetic stimulation of arterial alpha receptors
Decreases diameter, increases BP
78
Vasodilation
Sympathetic stimulation of beta receptors
Increases diameter, promotes blood flow
79
Factors Affecting Circulation
Pressure differences that drive blood flow
Resistance to flow
Venous return
80
Blood Flow
Amount of blood flowing through a vessel at any given time
81
Perfusion
Rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue
82
Flow Equation
Delta P/R
83
Resistance Equation
1/r^4
84