Flashcards in Lymphatic and Immune System Quiz Deck (43):
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Functions of Lymphatic System
Immunity
Lipid absorption
Fluid recovery
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Organs Involved in Lymphatic System
Red bone marrow
Thymus
Tonsils
Spleen
Lymph nodes
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Lymph
Clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma but much less protein
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Lymphatic Capillaries
Closed at one end
Tethered to surrounding tissue by protein filaments
Endothelial cells loosely overlapped
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Lymphatic Vessels
Larger ones composed on tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa
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Route of Lymph Flow
Lymphatic Capillaries
Collecting Vessels
Lymphatic Trunks
Collecting Ducts (Right Lymphatic and Thoracic)
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Mechanisms of Lymph Flow
Low pressure and low speed
Aided by pumps
Moved along by rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels
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Lymphatic Cells (Lymphocytes)
Natural Killer Cells
T Lymphocytes
B Lymphocytes
Antigen Presenting Cells
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Lymphatic Tissue
Aggregations of lymphocytes in mucus membranes and CT of many organs
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Lymph Nodes
Bean-shaped organs located around lymphatic vessels
Cortex and medulla
Flow is in one direction
Filter lymph
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Palatine Tonsils
Pair at the posterior margin of the oral cavity
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Lingual Tonsils
Pair at the root of the tongue
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Pharyngeal Tonsil
Single tonsil on the wall of the pharynx (adenoid)
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Thymus Gland
Two lobed organ in the mediastinum
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Spleen
Red pulp filled with erythrocytes
While pulp filled with lymphocytes and macrophages
Blood reservoir and filters blood
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2nd Line of Defense
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Macrophages
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Neutrophils
Phagocytize bacteria
Create a killing zone
Kills itself
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Eosinophils
Found in mucus membranes
Phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and chemicals
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Basophils
Secrete chemicals to attract leukocytes
Secrete histamine, leukotrienes, heparine
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Macrophages
Displays foreign antigens
Secretes cytokines
Induces fever
Form outside of the circulatory system
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Interferons
Produced by virally infected cells
Diffuse to neighboring cells to induce synthesis of antiviral proteins
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Complement Proteins
Inactive proteins in blood plasma
When activated enhance immune, allergic, and inflammatory reactions
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Antiviral Effect
Generalized protection
Activate natural killer cells and macrophages
Destroy infected host cells
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Anticancer
Stimulate destruction of cancer cells
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Pathways of Complement Activation
Classical pathway
Alternate pathway
Leptin pathway
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Mechanisms of Action
Enhanced inflammation
Opsonization
Cytolysis
Phagocytosis
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Classical Pathway
Begins with activation of C1
Specific response
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Alternate Pathway
Begins with activation of C3
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Leptin Pathway
Binds carbohydrates on the pathogen surface
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C3A
Leads to inflammation
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C3B
Leads to immune clearance
Phagocytosis
Cytolysis
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Membrane Attack Complex
Complement proteins C5B to C9 form ring in plasma membrane of enemy cell causing cytolysis
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Natural Killer Cells and Phagocytes
NK cells kill a variety of microbes and tumor cells
Phagocytes are neutrophils and macrophages
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Phagocytosis
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Digestion and Killing
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Chemotaxis
Attraction to chemicals from damaged tissues, complement proteins, or microbial products
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Adherence
Attachment to plasma membrane of phagocyte
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Ingestion
Engulf by pseudopods to form phagosome
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Digestion and Killing
Merge with lysosome containing digestive enzymes and form lethal oxidants
Exocytosis residual body
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Inflammation
Defensive response to tissue injury
Limits speed of pathogens, then destroys them
Removes debris and initiates tissue repair
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Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
Redness (caused by increased blood flow)
Swelling (caused by increased capillary permeability and filtration)
Heat (caused by increased blood flow)
Pain (caused by inflammatory chemicals: bradykinin and prostaglandins)
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Fever
Promotes interferon activity
Accelerates metabolic rate and tissue repair
Inhibits pathogen reproduction
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Course of a Fever
1. Infection and pyrogen secretion
2. Hypothalamic thermostat is reset to higher set point
3. Onset (body temperature rises)
4. Stadium (body temperature oscillates around new set point)
5. Infection ends, set point returns to normal
6. Defervescence (body temperature returns to normal)
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