Exam 3: gender Flashcards
(30 cards)
Evolution of Gender Understanding: 1940s Albert Ellis
Concept of gender dysphoria
Evolution of Gender Understanding: 1950s John Money
Maybe how we identify can be different from our sex
Evolution of Gender Understanding: 1960s Robert Stoller
Maybe people can have identities that are different than sex
Evolution of Gender Understanding: Dichotomous perspective 1990s
gender can either be male or female
-perspective until 1990s
Evolution of Gender Understanding: Spectrum perspective 2010s
gender falls on a spectrum
Biological influences on gender
y chromosome triggers development of testes which release androgens which influence development of male characteristics
estrogen influences development of female characteristics
Evolutionary psychology view of gender
adaptation produced psychological differences between males and females because of their differing roles in reproduction
-men evolved to favor violence and competition
-natural selection favored females who devoted efforts to parenting
-misses cultural and individual variations in gender differences
Social influences on gender; Social role theory
gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women
-social hierarchy, division of labor, and access to resources are important causes of gender difference in power, assertiveness, and nurture
Social influences on gender; psychoanalytic theory of gender
Freud: child develops sexual attraction to opposite-sex parent, renounces this attraction, then identifies with the same-sex parent
-oedipus and electra complex
Social influences on gender; social cognitive theory of gender
children’s gender development occurs through observation, imitation, and the experience of rewards and punishments
Social influences on gender; parental influences
different socialization strategies
-moms: daughters taught to be obedient and responsible and allowed less autonomy
-dads: sons given more attention, more activities and effort toward intellectual development
Social influences on gender; peer influences
peers reward and punish gender behavior
binary gender stereotypes can promote conformity to traditional gender roles
gender molds important aspects of peer relations, including the composition of children’s groups, group size, and same sex interactions
Cognitive influences on gender: gender schema theory
gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and what is inappropriate
Gender identity development in childhood
-gender learning starts early in childhood and is a gradual process
-for most gender identity is congruent with assigned gender
Gender identity development 18-14 M
label own and others’ genders, show gender preferences, prefer same-sex playmates
Gender identity development age 6
achieve gender constancy, understand biological sex is fixed regardless of expression
Gender identity development in adolescence
-for most gender identity remains stable and congruent with assigned gender
-mixed support for gender intensification: increased pressure to conform to gender roles
-crucial period in solidifying an existing gender identity or initiating gender dysphoria
Gender identity development in adolescence: early-onset gender dysphoria
10-13 years old consolidation of gender dysphoria and identification
factors: physical puberty, changing social environment (school), and discovery of sexuality
Gender identity development in adolescence: late-onset gender dysphoria
dysphoria emerges during or after puberty
Congenital Adrenal Hydroplasia (in XX individuals)
deficiency in enzymes required for synthesis of cortisol, aldosterone, and sex steroids in the adrenal gland. (body doesn’t synthesisze hormones properly)
- The brain is exposed to elevated prenatal androgens
- Show more masculine behaviors/interests, but the vast majority develop a female gender identity
Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (XY individuals)
unable to respond to androgens, raised female, usually develop a female gender identity
Partial Androgen insensitivity
higher rates of gender dysphoria and transitions than complete
Multilevel model for identity content in Context
Inspired by bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems model
4 levels:
1. cultural and historical contexts
2: social roles
3: domains of identity content
4: everyday experiences
Multilevel model for identity content in Context: level 1-cultural and historical contexts
identity develops within specific historical and cultural contexts
-relevance of systems of power: shape which identities are valued and which are marginalized
-those whose narratives align with valued narratives are often privileged and seen as normal
-those with marginalized identities may experience identities as more salient due to deviation from norm and face discrimination
