Exam 3: Value formation

Question 1

Values

Answer 1

beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be
-standards for evaluating actions, people, and events
-core element of identity formation
-relatively stable but can change through significant experience

Question 2

Schwartz’s Theory of Basic Personal Values

Answer 2

10 values related but distinct

Question 3

Self transcendence

Answer 3

universalism and benevolence

Question 4

Conservation

Answer 4

tradition, conformity, and security

Question 5

Self-enhancement

Answer 5

achievement, power

Question 6

Openness to change

Answer 6

hedonism, stimulation, and self-direction

Question 7

Value formation in adolescence

Answer 7

-identity exploration and commitment
-increasing independence from parents
-growing importance of peer relationships
-cognitive development enables abstract thinking abt values (formal operational stage)

Question 8

Peer influence on value formation

Answer 8

-peers who interact tend to be similar in their preferences, goals, attitudes, and behaviors
-through socialization and selection

Question 9

Socialization: direct influence

Answer 9

-explicit communication about values
-reinforcement for value-consistent behavior
-group norms and expectations

Question 10

Socialization: indirect influence

Answer 10

-observation of peers’ behaviors
-role modeling
-exposure to new perspectives

Question 11

Selection: homophily principle

Answer 11

“birds of a feather flock together”
attraction to similar others
pre-existing value similarities

Question 12

Selection: self-selection

Answer 12

adolescents seek peer groups that align with their values
-leaving groups that conflict with personal values
-creating environments that reinforce existing values

Question 13

Bidirectional nature of influence

Answer 13

-adolescents both select and are influenced by peers
-dynamic, reciprocal process over time
-difficulty in separating selection from socialization effects
-gradual convergence of values within friendship groups

Question 14

Moderating factors in peer influence: individual factors

Answer 14

age and developmental stage
gender and gender typed behavior
personal susceptibility to influence
value important and centrality to identity

Question 15

Moderating factors in peer influence: relationship factors

Answer 15

friendship quality and closeness
peer status and popularity
group cohesion and stability

Question 16

Moderating factors in peer influence: Contextual factors

Answer 16

cultural norms and expectations
family and parental relationships