Exam 2: Physical Development in Early Childhood (3-6)

Question 1

Height and Weight Changes

Answer 1

Average child growing 2.5 in and 5-7 lbs per year

Question 2

Factors impacting height and weight

Answer 2

-ethnic origin*
-nutrition*
-birth order
-socioeconomic status
-urban vs rural upbringing
-maternal smoking
-prenatal development/exposures
-emotional difficulties (neglect, attachment struggles)
-Childhood illness

Question 3

What age??? Gross Motor
Climbs well, runs easily, pedals a tricycle, walks up and down the stats, one foot on each step

Answer 3

3 yrs

Question 4

What age??? gross motor
Stands on one foot for 10 sec, hops, maybe skips, somersault, use toilet on own, swings and climbs

Answer 4

5 yrs

Question 5

What age?? gross motor
Hops and stands on one foot for 2 sec, catches a bounced ball most of the time

Answer 5

4 yrs

Question 6

What age??? fine motor
draw person with 6 body parts, can print some letters or numbers, copies a triangle and other shapes, uses fork and spoon maybe knife

Answer 6

5 yrs

Question 7

What age??? fine motor
copies a circle, turns book pages, builds tower with 6+ blocks, screws and unscrews jar lids, turns door handle

Answer 7

3 yrs

Question 8

What age??? fine motor
pours, cuts, mashes food, draws person with 2-4 body parts, uses scissors, starts to copy capital letters

Answer 8

4 yrs

Question 9

Drawing at age 2

Answer 9

scribbles

Question 10

Placement Stage of Drawing 2-3 yr olds

Answer 10

drawings are drawn on a page in placement patterns

Question 11

Shape stage of drawing 3-4 yr olds

Answer 11

drawings might mix two basic shapes into more complex designs

Question 12

Pictorial stage of drawing 4-5 yr olds

Answer 12

drawings depict objects that adults can recognize
-more like actual pictures

Question 13

Brain Size changes in early childhood

Answer 13

brain is 75% of adult size by 3
95% of adult size by 6
brain and head are fastest growing parts of body

Question 14

Brain changes in myelination and connections

Answer 14

-increase in synapses=increasing number of connections between neurons (peaks at around age 4)
-dopamine increases
-myelination increases speed and efficiency

Question 15

Brain Changes in the Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 15

Most rapid growth is seen in the prefrontal cortex
-increase in planning and organizational skills and maintaining attention
-better self-regulation

Question 16

Sleep Needs

Answer 16

10-13 hours of uninterrupted sleep
-astrocytes remove waste
Most sleep through the night and have a daytime night

Question 17

Nightmares

Answer 17

frightening dreams

Question 18

Night terrors

Answer 18

sudden arousal, intense fear, and usually physiological reactions

Question 19

Somnambulism

Answer 19

sleepwalking

Question 20

Sleep talkers

Answer 20

talk while soundly asleep

Question 21

Nutrition

Answer 21

Reduced appetite- may be concerning to parents but really ok
2-3 yr olds 1000-1400 cals
4-8 yr olds 1200-2000 cals
Important to set up taste preferences and provide balanced nutrition

Question 22

7 Tips for establishing healthy eating habits

Answer 22

1. Dont force them to eat
2. recognize appetitie varies
3. keep it pleasant
4. limit snacks and don’t make unique meals for each family member (no short order chefs)
5. limit choice
6. balanced meals
7. don’t bribe

Question 23

Toilet training

Answer 23

After 2nd bday
Most are toilet trained by 3 years old
Readiness is more important than age
Daytime bladder control accomplished first

Question 24

Enuresis

Answer 24

voluntary or involuntary peeing in inappropriate settings
-may be from abuse

Question 25

Encopresis

Answer 25

voluntary or involuntary pooping -may be from abuse