Eye

Question 1

The tough fibrous connective tissue in the socket suspended in the bony orbit

Answer 1

Bulbar fascial sheath

Question 2

What is the retrobulbar fat

Answer 2

takes up the space around the eyeball and acts as a cushion - prevents posterior displacement of the eyeball by the muscles - degrades as we age (“sunken” in look in the elderly)

Question 3

what are the components of the lacrimal apparatus?

Answer 3

1. Lacrimal gland
2. Lacrimal caruncle
3. Lacrimal drainage

Question 4

What is the function of the lacrimal gland?

Answer 4

produces lacrimal fluid (tears) and releases it to moisten the eye when we blink

Question 5

What is the lacrimal caruncle?

Answer 5

bulbous tissue in the medial portion of the eye that contains oil and sweat glands
Very vascular
“Lacrimal lake”

Question 6

What is the lacrimal lake?

Answer 6

The place where tears collect

Question 7

What is the function of lacrimal puncta?

Answer 7

Drain fluid from the eye

Question 8

What do the lacrimal puncta drain into?

Answer 8

lacrimal canaliculi

Question 9

What do the lacrimal canaliculi drain into?

Answer 9

lacrimal sac

Question 10

Where is the lacrimal sac located?

Answer 10

in the lacrimal canal

Question 11

What does the lacrimal sac drain into?

Answer 11

nasolacrimal duct found under the inferior nasal concha

Question 12

How large is the eye?

Answer 12

~25mm in diameter

Question 13

True or false: the eye is a peripheral organ

Answer 13

FALSE!! it is in fact an extension of the brain!

Question 14

List the layers of the eyeball

Answer 14

Tunica fibrosa” outer layer (AKA sclera)
tunica vasculosa
Tunica nervosa

Question 15

The tunica fibrosa is an extension of the brain’s ______ _________

Answer 15

dura mater

Question 16

What do the parallel fibers of the tunica fibrosa form on the anterior aspect of the eye?

Answer 16

transparent cornea

Question 17

what is the major focuser of light?

Answer 17

cornea (lens does fine-tuning)

Question 18

What is the iris?

Answer 18

the pigmented portion of the tunica fibrosa that is not covered by the cornea

Question 19

True or false: the cornea is vascular and has little innervation

Answer 19

False (some veins; extremely innervated (esp. the cornea))

Question 20

What is the darkest layer of the eye?

Answer 20

tunica vasculosa

Question 21

What are the portions of the tunica vasculosa?

Answer 21

1. coroid (most of it) turns into the
2. ciliary body
3. iris

Question 22

What is the function of the ciliary body?

Answer 22

ring of muscle that suspends the lens

Question 23

What are zonules?

Answer 23

Connected to the lens making it spherical and helps the lens to focus light (visual accommodation)

Question 24

When using far vision, what is the ciliary body doing?

Answer 24

it is relaxed making the ring of muscle larger in diameter so suspensatory ligaments pull the lens tight

Question 25

When using near vision, what is the ciliary body doing?

Answer 25

it is flexed causing the ring of muscles to be smaller in diameter so the suspensatory ligaments slack and relax the lens (goes back into a spherical shape)

Question 26

What is the ora serrata?

Answer 26

posterior edge of ciliary body that is scalloped

Question 27

What is the iris?

Answer 27

colored part of the eye | changes the shaped of the pupil

Question 28

What are the 2 muscle groups of the iris?

Answer 28

1. pupillary sphincter: rounded muscle group closest tot he pupil causing constriction- - works much faster than the dilator 2. pupillary dilator: outer ring of muscles that pull away from the pupil

Question 29

What is the tunica nervosa?

Answer 29

Retina - comes from the brain and lines the inside of the eyeball

Question 30

What are the two layers of the tunica nervosa?

Answer 30

Neural portion: photoreceptors Pigmented portion: found behind the neural layer - made up of pigmented (melanin) simple epithelium - reduces the amount of light scatter

Question 31

What is the fundus?

Answer 31

the posterior portion of the eye

Question 32

What can you see when performing a fundus exam?

Answer 32

the retina

Question 33

Where are the optic disc and nerve located?

Answer 33

in the back of the retina

Question 34

What is the macula?

Answer 34

The dark region in the center of the eye with a heavy concentration of light receptors (cones) - area with the highest visual acuity

Question 35

What is the fovea?

Answer 35

located in the very center of the macula - high high high concentration of cones and visual acuity

Question 36

What can be observed with retina vessels?

Answer 36

their condition mimics the characteristics of vessels throughout the body (can show HTN or diabetes)

Question 37

What are the three chambers of the eye?

Answer 37

Anterior chamber Posterior chamber Vitreous chamber

Question 38

Describe the anterior chamber of the eye

Answer 38

- Between cornea and iris | - Filled with aqueous humor which helps to maintain pressure in the anterior chamber

Question 39

What absorbs aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye and where does it go?

Answer 39

trabecular network - drains it into the canal of Schlemm

Question 40

Where does the canal of Schlemm drain aqueous humor to?

Answer 40

small venules of the sclera

Question 41

High pressure of aqueous humor can lead to _______

Answer 41

glaucoma

Question 42

Define pigment dispersion syndrom

Answer 42

Pigment of the iris flakes off and plugs up the drainage system - can lead to glaucoma

Question 43

describe the posterior chamber of the eye

Answer 43

- between the iris and the lens/ciliary body | - produces aqueous humor which flows through the pupil to the anterior chamber

Question 44

Where is aqueous humor produced?

Answer 44

in the posterior chamber in the ciliary processes (outgrowths of the ciliary body)

Question 45

Describe the vitreous chamber of the eye

Answer 45

- posterior segment of the eyeball - contains vitreous body - holds the retina in place

Question 46

What is the vitreous body?

Answer 46

gelatinous substance that contains collagen fibers making it a spherical gelatinous mass - gives the eyeball its shape

Question 47

What can happen to the vitreous body as you age?

Answer 47

The collagen fibers can break down and clump together which can pull away from the retina causing a detached retina

Question 48

What covers the inside of your eyelids?

Answer 48

palpebral conjunctiva ( reflected onto the eyeball where it is continuous with the bulbar conjunctiva of the eye)

Question 49

What does the bulbar conjunctiva contain?

Answer 49

vessels on the outside of the sclera

Question 50

What are the superior and inferior conjunctival fornices?

Answer 50

lines of reflection of the palpebral cinjunctiva that form deep recesses

Question 51

what allows that eyelids to move freely over the surface of the eye?

Answer 51

cinjunctival sac

Question 52

What forms the skeleton of the eyelids and strengthens them?

Answer 52

Superior and inferior tarsi

Question 53

What are ciliary glands?

Answer 53

sebaceous glands associated with the eyelashes

Question 54

Compare/contrast the lateral and medial palpebral ligaments

Answer 54

Medial: between the nose and the medial angle of the eye - provides insertion for the orbicularis oculi Lateral: on the later aspect of the eye - no muscle insertion

Question 55

what keeps orbital fat contained and can limit the spread of infection to and from the orbit?

Answer 55

orbital septum