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Clinical Anatomy > Spinal nerves with pathways > Flashcards

Spinal nerves with pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begins at foramen magnum, ends at L1 or L2

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2
Q

Where is the conus medularis located?

A

L1 or L2

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3
Q

What remnant of the spinal cord extends down to the coccyx

A

Filum terminate internum

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4
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement found?

A

Upper limbs

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5
Q

Where is the lumbosacral enlargement found?

A

Lower limbs

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6
Q

What are the main functions of the spinal cord? (2)

A
  1. Main reflex center of the body

2. Interconnects the periphery to the brain

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7
Q

What type of tissue is the outer portion of the spinal cord made of?

A

Peripheral tissue made of white matter

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8
Q

What does the peripheral tissue contain?

A

tracts of ascending and descending axons

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9
Q

What type of matter makes up the inside portion of the spinal cord?

A

gray

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10
Q

What does the grey matter contain in the spinal cord?

A

synapses (dorsal horns, ventral horns, lateral horns

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11
Q

Describe the central canal of the spinal cord

A

Continuous with the ventricles of the brain, filled with CSF

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12
Q

Name the meninges of the spinal cord

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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13
Q

Describe the dura mater

A

tough leathery wrapping for the spinal cord

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14
Q

Describe the epidural space

A

Surrounds the bone and is filled with fat, found outside the dura mater

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15
Q

What is inside the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF

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16
Q

Which meninge gives the spinal cord its shiny appearance?

A

pia mater

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17
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

folds of the pia mater that allow it to attach to the dura mater

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18
Q

Where in the vertebrae do spinal nerves emerge?

A

intervertebral foramina

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19
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs: C1-C8; T1-T12; L1-L5; S1-S5, Co1 (not paired)

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20
Q

Which spinal nerve is not paired?

A

Co1

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21
Q

About how long are spinal nerves?

A

1 cm, they immediately branch into other nerves

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22
Q

What types of fibers are found in dorsal roots?

A

sensory

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23
Q

What types of fibers are found in ventral roots?

A

motor

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24
Q

What do dorsal roots branch into and where do they synapse?

A

Branch into dorsal rootlets that synapse into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

25
Q

What is a dorsal root ganglion?

A

cluster of cell bodies of sensory neurons

26
Q

Where do ventral rootlets converge?

A

ventral root

27
Q

Where do somatic motor neurons come from?

A

Ventral horn

28
Q

Where do autonomic motor neurons come from?

A

Lateral horn

29
Q

Where are the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons located respectively?

A 
T1-L2 = sympathetic
S2-S4 = parasympathetic
30
Q

What area of the body do the dorsal rami innervate?

A

central back

31
Q

What area of the body do ventral rami innervate?

A

The whole body except for the central back and the head

32
Q

What are the 4 pairs of ventral rami plexuses

A

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

33
Q

Describe the cauda equina

A

spinal cord roots found after L2 that hang down from the spinal cord and exit the vertebral canal from their corresponding vertebrae

34
Q

What region is the cauda equina found and what else is present there?

A

Lumbar cistern, CSF

35
Q

Describe the short circuit neural pathway

A

Spinal reflexes, no tracts to or from the brain

36
Q

Describe the full circuit neural pathway

A

Involves the brain

37
Q

True or false: C1 involves only motor neurons

A

True: no DRG in C1

38
Q

Describe the pathway for both somatic and visceral sensory input

A

Peripheral nerves –> spinal nerve rami –> spinal nerve –> dorsal root –> dorsal rootlets –> dorsal horn of spinal cord

39
Q

Describe the pathway for somatic motor input

A

Ventral horn of spinal cord –> ventral rootlets –> ventral root –> spinal nerve –> spinal nerve rami –> peripheral nerves

40
Q

Describe the first option pathway for sympathetic input

A

Lateral horn (T1-L2) –> Ventral rootlets –> ventral root –> spinal nerve –> ventral ramus –> white ramus communicantes –> paravertebral ganglion –> synapse onto post-synaptic neuron within the ganglion

41
Q

Describe the second option pathway for sympathetic input

A

Lateral horn (T1-L2) –> Ventral rootlets –> ventral root –> spinal nerve –> ventral ramus –> white ramus communicantes –> paravertebral gnalgion –> pass through ganglion –> travel up through sympathetic chain –> synapse onto post-synaptic neuron within higher paravertebral ganglion

42
Q

Describe the third option pathway for sympathetic input

A

Lateral horn (T1-L2) –> Ventral rootlets –> ventral root –> spinal nerve –> ventral ramus –> white ramus communicantes –> paravertebral ganglion –> pass through ganlgion –> travel down through sympathetic chain –> synpase onto post synaptic neuron within lower paravertebral ganglion

43
Q

Describe the fourth option pathway for sympathetic input

A

Lateral horn (T1-L2) –> Ventral rootlets –> ventral root –> spinal nerve –> ventral ramus –> white ramus communicantes –> paravertebral ganglio –> pass through ganglion –> travel through sympathetic chain –> exit without synapsing –> enter splancnic nerve –> enter prevertebral ganglion –> synapse onto post ganglionic neurons innervating viscera

44
Q

What 4 places do sympathetic nerves travel to?

A
  1. neck, body wall, limbs 2. head 3. thoracic viscera 4. abdominal viscera
45
Q

Describe the pathway of the sympathetics to the neck, body walls and limbs

A

Post-synaptic cell bodies within paravertebral ganglion –> fibers exit gray ramus communicanted –> enter spinal nerve rami of all 31 spinal nerves

46
Q

What actions are the sympathetics to the head, body wall and limbs responsible for?

A

vasomotion, pilomotion, sudomotion

47
Q

Describe the pathway of the sympathetics to the head

A

Post-synaptic cell bodies within superior cervical ganglion –> fibers exit cephalic arterial rami (carotis nerves) –> bind to carotid arteries –> branch and follow various arteries to specific areas in the head

48
Q

What actions are the sympathetics to the head responsible for?

A

vasomotion, pilomotion, sudomotion, pupillary dilation via the pupillary dilator muscle, xerostomia (salivary gland inhibition)

49
Q

Describe the pathway of the sympathetics to thoracic viscera

A

post-synaptic cell bodies within superior, middle and inferior (stellate) cervical ganglion and to the thoracic paravertebral ganglia from T1-T5 –> fibers enter cardiopulmonary splancnic nerve (superior, middle, inferior)

50
Q

What do the superior and middle splacnic nerves innervate?

A

heart

51
Q

What do the inferior splancnic nerves innervate

A

lungs and other pulmonary structures

52
Q

What actions are the sympathetics to the thoracic viscera responsible for?

A

increase HR and strength of contraction, vasodilation of coronary arteries, bronchodilation

53
Q

Describe the pathway of the sympathetics to the abdominal viscera

A

pre-synaptic fibers exit thoracic paravertebral ganglia from T5-L2 –> enter into abdominopelvic splancnic nerve (greater, lesser, least, lumbar) –> synapse onto post-synaptic cell bodies within prevertebral ganglia (celiac, superior mesenteric, aorticorenal, inferior mesenteric) –> fibers exit prevertebral ganglia within small nerve –> abdominal viscera

54
Q

What is the exception to the symapthetic pathway to abdominal viscera

A

innervation of adrenal medulla: pre-synaptic fibers pass through aorticorenal ganglion and synapse onto cells within adrenal medulla (for epinephrine secretion)

55
Q

What types of fibers are found in cardiopulmonary splancnic nerves

A

postsynaptic fibers

56
Q

What types of fibers are found in abdominopelvic splancnic nerves

A

presynaptic fibers

57
Q

Describe the pathway of parasympathetic nerve fibers

A

Lateral horn (S2-S4) –> ventral rootlets –> ventral root –> exit via pelvic splancnic nerves –> to pelvic organs and leat half of large intestine

58
Q

Where do pelvic splancnic nerves branch from?

A

ventral rami from ventral rami of S2-S4

59
Q

Where are peripheral ganglia located in regards to target organ?

A

adjacent to them

Clinical Anatomy (17 decks)

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