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Clinical Anatomy > The back anatomy > Flashcards

The back anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the visible landmarks on the back?

A 
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Eretor spinae
Vertebral prominens
Posterior median furrow
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2
Q

How many vertebrae do must people have? Break it down into regions.

A 
33
Cervical: C1-C7
Thoracic: T1-T12
Lumbar: L1-L5
Sacral: S1-S5
coccygeal: Co1-Co4
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3
Q

What type of joint is found between C1 and C7?

A

synovial

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4
Q

What is C7 AKA?

A

vertebral prominens

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5
Q

What do spinal nerves runs through?

A

intervertabreal foramina

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6
Q

Describe the spinal curvatures

A

Cervical: lordotic
Thoracic: kyphotic
Lumbar: lordotic
Sacral + coccyx): kyphotic

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7
Q

What term describes the pathologic increase in curvature?

A

hyperlordosis/hyperkyphosis

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8
Q

Describe the facets found on thoracic vertebrae

A

Found on transverse processes and the body
T1: one facet and one inferior dmeifacet
T2-T9: contain superior and inferior demifacets
T10: one superior demifacet
T11-T12: facets

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9
Q

Normal variations in vertebral number

A

32-34L usually thoracic and coccygeal (sometimes lumbar or sacral)

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10
Q

What are variations in rib number usually due to?

A

NOT the number of vertebrae
Normally an extra pair: C7 or L1
More frequent than vertebral variations

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11
Q

What is thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

an extra rib on C7 - disrupts subclavian vein, subclavian artery and brachial plexus

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12
Q

function of intervertebral discs/symphyses

A

cushions the spine

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13
Q

What are the two main parts of the intervertebral joints?

A

Annulus fibrosus

Nucleus palposus

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14
Q

Describe the annulus fibrosus

A

tough fibrocartilage, fibers run arouns in a circle and also longitudinally into the rim of the vertebral body

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15
Q

Describe the nucleus palposus

A

Made up of tough collagen fibers and hydrated proteoglycan gel; soft, slightly taller than the annulus palposus when it is not in the column (will level out with pressure)

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16
Q

Why do you become shorter in the afternoon or when dehydrated?

A

not enough fluid in the Nucleus palposus

17
Q

What supporting ligaments are found in the intervertebral joints?

A

anterior longitudinal ligament

posterior longitudinal ligament

18
Q

Describe zygapophyseal joints

A

AKA interfacet joints
Found between articulating facets
synovial joints

19
Q

What supporting ligaments are found in zygapophyseal joints?

A
  1. ligamentum flavin: runs along inside of the vertebrae (near the cord)
  2. interspinous ligaments: between spines
  3. supraspinous ligament: run along the spines, extends only up to C7
20
Q

What does the supraspinous ligament become?

A

nuchal ligament: extends from C7 to the skull to stabilize the head
- Very thick in animals that run (NOT pigs, YES cats)

21
Q

Describe the atlanto axial joints

A
  • synovial

- 3 total: 2 lateral (btwn articular facets of atlas and axis), 1 median (btwn the dens and the dens fossa)

22
Q

What are the supporting ligaments of the atlanto-axial joint?

A
  • cruciate ligament

- alar ligament

23
Q

Describe the parts of the cruciate ligament

A
  • Transverse ligament: runs to the inner portions of the atlas and supports the dens from going backward
  • superior longitudinal band: runs from the transverse ligament to the front of the foramen magnum
  • inferior longitudinal ligament: run from transverse ligament to the body of the axis
24
Q

Describe the alar ligaments

A
  • suspend from the top of the dens
  • go to the sides of the foramen magnum
  • orients the dens upward
25
Q

Where does the spinal cord generally stop?

A

L1-L2

26
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called?

A

conus medularis

27
Q

What is the term for the remnant of the spinal cord that extends down to the coccyx

A

filum terminate internum

28
Q

What is the function of the gray matter of the spinal cord

A

Synapses occur here

  • Sensory neurons synapse at the dorsal horn
  • Somatic motor neurons synapse at the ventral horns
  • Autonomic motor neurons synapse at the lateral horns
29
Q

Where can you find lateral horns of the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2, S2-S4

Clinical Anatomy (17 decks)

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