Female Gynae Physiology Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 main parts of the ovary?
A
Inner medulla
Outer cortex
2
Q
What part of the ovary contains the follicles?
A
Inner medulla
3
Q
What is the function of the ovaries?
A
Oogenesis and steroid hormone production
4
Q
What hormones are produced by ovaries?
A
Estrogens, progestogens
5
Q
What is oogenesis?
A
Ovum production
ovum female gamete
6
Q
What type of epithelium lines ovaries?
A
Single layer cuboidal cells
germinal epithelium
7
Q
What type of epithelium lines the ampulla?
A
Simple columnar epithelium
8
Q
What type of epithelium lines the isthmus?
A
Secretory epithelium
9
Q
What type of epithelium lines the uterus?
A
Secretory mucosa
10
Q
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
A
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
11
Q
What is the myometrium composed of?
A
Smooth muscle
12
Q
What is the perimetrium composed of?
A
Loose connective tissue
13
Q
What are the 2 layers of endometrium?
A
Superficial stratum functionalis
Deep stratum basilis
14
Q
What type of epithelium lines the cervix?
A
Simple columnar epithelium with secretory mucous endocervical glands
(then transition zone)
15
Q
What type of epithelium lines the vagina?
A
Stratified squamous
no glands
16
Q
Is the vagina keratinized?
A
From hymen outwards
17
Q
What is the clitoris composed of?
A
Corpora cavernosa X2
18
Q
What type of epithelium lines the labia minora?
A
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
19
Q
What type of epithelium lines the labia majora?
A
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
20
Q
What type of glands are found in the labia majora?
A
Apocrine glands
21
Q
What type of glands are found in the labia minora?
A
Sebaceous glands
22
Q
What is the name of the fat pad superficial to the pubis symphysis?
A
Mons pubis
23
Q
What is menarche?
A
1st period
24
Q
What triggers menarche?
A
Increasing GnRH
25
What age range does menarche occcur in?
10-16yr
26
What 2 cycles compose the menstrual cycle?
Ovarian and uterine cycle
27
How long does an average menstrual cycle last and how long is the range thats considered normal?
28day
| 21-35day
28
What day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur on?
Day 14
29
What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle and how long do they last?
Follicular phase day 1-14
| Luteal phase day 14-28
30
Define menopause?
Last ever period
31
What is the average age of menopause?
51 years
32
At what age is early (premature) menopause?
<45 years
33
At what age is late menopause?
>54 years
34
What is the term given to the S+S associated with the menopause?
Climacteric period
35
Name iatrogenic causes of premature menopause?
Radiotherapy / chemotherapy
| Oophorectomy
36
Name a chromosomal cause of premature menopause?
Turners synd
| Primary amenorrhea never had a period
37
What is the medical term for hot flushes? How long is a hot flush?
Vasomotor symptoms
| 3-5 minutes
38
What psychiatric symptoms are normal in the menopause?
```
Mood swings
Forgetful
Insomnia
Irritable
Anxiety
```
39
What investigations can be done to confirm menopause?
Serum FSH and LH 6 weeks apart
| Since pulsatile secretion, vary with menstrual cycle and drugs
40
What is the Mx options for menorrhagia for a PTx undergoing 'the change'?
Mefenamic acid + tranexamic acid in menses
Ablation
(Others)
41
What hormones are in HRT?
E + P
42
HRT is often prescribed to relieve what symptom of the climacteric period?
Vasomotor symptoms
43
What effect does HRT have on breast cancer?
Increases risk
44
What effect does HRT have on bowel cancer?
Decreases risk
45
What effect does HRT have on VTE?
Increases risk
46
What effect does HRT have on OP?
Decreases risk
47
Why is HRT not only estrogen?
Increases risk endometrial cancer
48
What are the Mx options for vaginal atrophy due to menopause?
Regelle / Yes vag moisturiser
| Sylk lubricant
49
FINISH INSERTING THE MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
50
What are the 2 phases of the uterine cycle and how long do they last?
Proliferative phase day 0 - 14
| Secretory phase day 14 - 28
51
When in the menstrual cycle does menstruation occur?
Day 1 - 5
| May last 4 - 6 days
52
What is the normal volume of blood lost in the menses?
Less than 80 mls
53
Menstruation occurs when levels of _____ decrease
Progesterone
54
In oligomenorrhea, the _____ phase varies in length, the ______ phase is always 14 days
In oligomenorrhea, the FOLLICULAR phase varies in length, the LUTEAL / SECRETORY phase is always 14 days - DOUBLE CHECK THIS WITH SOMEONE ELSE
55
What cell type is sensitive to LH?
Theca cells
56
What cell type is sensitive to FSH?
Granulosa cells
57
Wha is the function of theca cells?
Stimulates pregenolone conversion to androgen by DHEA enzyme
58
What is the function of granulosa cells?
Produce aromatase which converts androgens to estrogens
| Also secrete inhibin
59
What hormone is responsible for female secondary sexual characteristics?
Estrogen
60
What effect does estrogen have on LH?
Positive feedback
61
What effect does estrogen have on FSH?
Negative feedback
62
What effect does estrogen have on PRL?
Negative feedback
63
What effect does estrogen have on the endometrium?
Causes proliferation
64
What effect does estrogen have on cervical mucus?
Make it fertile
65
Where is progesterone produced?
Adrenals and placenta
66
What effect does progesterone have on LH?
Negative feedback
67
What effect does progesterone have on FSH?
Negative feedback
68
GO AND LEARN THE GRAPH OF THE HORMONES IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
DO IT
69
______ primary oocytes are present in ______ at birth
1,000,000 primary oocytes are present in OVARIAN FOLLICLES at birth
70
Primary oocytes are arrested in _____ until sexual maturity
Meiosis 1
71
What is a primordial follicle?
Primary oocyte + 1 layer granulosa cells
72
What hormone stimulates the development of the primordial follicle?
FSH
73
On what day of the ovarian cycle is the primordial follicle present?
Day 0
74
What does the primordial follicle become?
Primary follicle
75
Roughly how many primary follicles are present at the beginning of 1 ovarian cycle?
20
76
How does a primary follicle differ from a primordial follicle?
```
Primary oocyte
+
More than 1 layer of granulosa cells
+
Zona pellucida
```
77
The zona pellicuda is between the egg and the granulosa cells in the primary follicle. T or F
True
78
What does the primary follicle become?
Secondary follicle
AKA
Late primary follicle
79
How does a secondary / late primary follicle differ from a primary follicle?
Fluid vesicles form between granulosa cells
| Theca interna and externa form
80
What is the function of the theca interna?
Secretes an estrogen precursor
| Which granulosa cells convert to estrogen
81
What does the secondary / late primary follicle become?
Mature Graafian follicle
82
When is meiosis 1 complete?
When mature Graafian follicle is formed
83
On what day of the ovarian cycle is the secondary oocyte produced?
Day 13
84
What happens to the follicle for the secondary oocyte to be released? On what day of the ovarian cycle does this occur?
Ruptures
| Day 14
85
After the mature follicle releases the secondary oocyte, what happens to the other follicles?
Undergo atresia
86
What is the trigger for follicle rupture and the release of the secondary oocyte?
LH surge
87
In the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, LH stimulates _____ cells to form the _____
In the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, LH stimulates GRANULOSA cells to form the CORPUS LUTEUM
88
If fertilisation doesn't occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?
Becomes the corpus albicans
| Via apoptosis luteolysis
89
If fertilisation occurs, what is the function of the corpus luteum?
Theca cells secrete progesterone
90
If fertilisation occurs, the placenta secretes what hormone to prevent the degeneration of the corpus lutuem?
HCG
91
What layer of the endometrium is the shed during menstruation?
Stratum functionalis
92
What process prevents scar formation during menstruation?
Fibrinolysis
93
What is the main hormone of the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
Estrogen
94
What is the main hormone of the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Progesterone
95
What layer of the endometrium does estrogen stimulate the proliferation of in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle?
Stratum basalis
96
What is the endocervical gland secretion like during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle? What is the function of this?
Thin watery secretion
| For sperm passage
97
What layer of the endometrium does progesterone increase the thickness of in the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Stratum functionalis
98
What happens to the endocervical glands during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle? What is the function of this?
Glands become corkscrewed
Thick viscous secretion
Prevents sperm / pathogen passage
