FLAGELLATES Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
which subphylum do flagellates belong?
A
subphylum mastigaphora
2
Q
which genus under subphylum mastigaphora has no cyst form?
A
trichomonas
3
Q
what are the 2 pathogenic members under subphylum mastigaphora?
A
giardia intestinalis and trichomonas vaginalis
4
Q
what are the 3 commensal flagellates?
A
1.Chilomastix mesnili
2.Trichomonas
a.Trichomonas tenax
b.Trichomonas hominis
5
Q
flagellates are categorized based on the
A
habitat
6
Q
flagellates inhabiting gastrointestinal tract is called
A
intestinal flagellates
7
Q
flagellates inhabiting outside gastrointestinal tract, usually found in the body openings or cavity
A
atrial flagellates
8
Q
atrial flagellates members are
A
trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas tenax
9
Q
the only p athogenic intestinal flagellate
A
giardia intestinalis
10
Q
former name and the first name of giardia intestinalis is
A
cercomonas intestinalis
11
Q
Discovered by Antoine van Leewenhoek in 1681 using his own stool sample
A
Giardia intestinalis
12
Q
the one who first describe giardia intestinalis is
A
Lambl in 1859 and Dr. Giard
which they call it cercomonas intestinalis
13
Q
Giardia lamblia is called as it is because ___ renamed it from cercomonas intestinalis
A
Stiles 1915
14
Q
the disease caused by giardia lamblia is called as
A
giardiasis
15
Q
It is known to cause epidemic and endemic diarrhea.
A
Giardia duodenali
16
Q
habitat of giardia intestinalis
A
SMALL INTESTINE
duodenum, jejunum, upper ileum
17
Q
pyriform shaped trophozoite or teardrop shaped; pointed posteriorly
A
trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
18
Q
trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
size:
shape:
pointed part:
number of nuclei:
A
size: 9-12 um long and 5-15um wide
shape: Pyriform or teardrop shaped
pointed part: pointed
number of nuclei: 2
19
Q
giardia intestinalis has 2 nuclei in its trophozoite that is why it is called
A
bilaterally symmetrical
20
Q
both side of this flagellate’s trophozoite is equal or has the same structure
A
giardia intestinalis
21
Q
The dorsal side of the diardia lamblia is
___, while the ventral side is ____ with a large adhesive disc used for attachment
A
convex; concave
22
Q
is considered to be the support structure as it attach to infecting site
A
axostyle
23
Q
it is
bilaterally symmetrical, with a distinct medial
line called the __
A
axostyle
24
Q
would help the trophozoite withstand the peristalsis movement of the intestine/ protective function
A
median (parabasal) bodies
25
the inner core of the flagella// where a flagella would arise
axonemes
26
how many pairs of flagella do giardia intestinalis have?
4 pairs or 8 flagella
27
mode of reproduction of giardia intestinalis
longitudinal binary fission
28
the flagella of giardia intestinalis is responsible with the movement of
falling leaf movement
29
Once mature cysts of Giardia lamblia
(infective stage) are ingested, they pass safely
through the stomach and excyst in the
duodenum (in about _____ minutes) developing
into trophozoites which rapidly multiply and
attach to the intestinal villi causing pathologic
changes
30 mns
30
it is described as an OLD MAN WITH EYE GLASSES because of the sucking disk
Trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
31
attachment is make possible for giardia intestinalis is because of
sucking disk
32
this is when the pathogenesis of the giardia intestinalis starts
upon the attachment of sucking disk
33
structural changes of giardia intestinal to the intestinal villi
villous flattening and crypt hypertrophy
34
Resembling "badminton racket" or "owl face“
trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
35
its trophozoite has Two nuclei, each with central karyosome
trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
36
A pair of "claw-shaped" median bodies
trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
37
the one responsible for sign and symptoms of giardiasis such as the mal absorption syndrome
giardia intestinalis
38
Found in diarrheic stool
giardia intestinalis
39
the attachment of the sucking disk of giardia intestinalis is affected by 2 factors, what are those?
ph and temperature
40
the peak attachment of giardia intestinalis to the intestinal walls is when the temperature is at ___
body temperature
41
the peak attachment of giardia intestinalis to the intestinal walls is when the ph is at
7.8 to 8.2 pH
42
Cyst of giardia intestinalis
shape:
number of nuclei -
shape: Ovoid in shape (Football shape)
number of nuclei - Young cysts 2 mature; cysts 4 - infective stage is quadrinucleated
43
which flagellate has this characteristics?
The flagella are extracted into axonemes, the median body, and the deeply stained curved fibrils surrounded by a tough hyaline cyst wall secreted from condensed cytoplasm.
giardia intestinalis
44
what is the incubation period of giardia inestinalis?
1-4 weeks average of 9 days
45
Depending on the strain of giardia lamblia
involved, infection can occur with one ingesting
as few as how many cysts?
10 cysts
46
giardia intestinalis is Symptomatic in ___ of patients
50%
47
if the cyst is preserved using formalin, the giardia intestinalis cyst wall will be observed of having __
retraction
48
some cases in trophozoite of the giardia intestinalis can infect other organs aside the intestine, what are those?
common bile duct and gallbladder
49
in mild infection of giardia intestinalis, what are the expected signs?
there is moderate and
protracted diarrhea followed by spontaneous
recovery in 2 weeks
50
in acute infection of giardia intestinalis, what are the expected signs?
there is cramping and
diarrhea, often with excessive flatus with
hydrogen sulfide odor (rotten egg).
Other signs
include abdominal bloating, nausea, anorexia,
which are more commonly reported rather than
diarrhea
51
Diarrhea is the most common
symptom of giardiasis, occurring in ___% of case
89
52
in severe infection of giardia intestinalis, what are the expected signs?
there is malabsorption in the
gut and debilitation of the host.
53
Chronic infection of giardia lamblia is characterized by
steatorrhea, or the passage of greasy, frothy
stools
54
a physical characteristic of a stool sample coming from a patient infected with chronic giardia intestinalis
greasy appearance of stool
55
what is the main clinical feature of giardiasis?
steatorrhea - fat malabsorption
56
An inexpensive test for the diagnosis of
giardiasis.
*Stool exam - demonstrates trophozoites
and/or cysts
*Direct fecal smear -trophozoites seen as having a falling-leaf like motility
*Duo-jejunal aspiration or Biopsy - if not found in feces
*Entero-test
57
entero test is also called as
string test
58
sample obtained in the entero test are
duodenal contents
the patient will be ask to swallow a string that has a gelatin content attached to a nylon and the other side is attached to the cheek of the patient
after 4-6 hrs, the string is removed, and analyzed microscopically
59
serological test available for giardia intestinalis
ELISA enzyme
60
-linked immunosorbent assay
using Giardia antigen in the stool is a more
sensitive method for identifying Giardia
ELISA enzyme
61
the drug of choice for giardia intestinalis
Metronidazole = 90% cure rate
62
other drugs used for giardia intestinalis aside from the metronidazole
*Tinidazole
*Furazolidine
63
For epidemiology, giardiasis is considered to be a ___ type of disease
water-borne
64
Referred to causative parasite of Traveller’s diarrhea.
giardia intestinalis
65
Causes sexually transmitted disease
Trichomonas vaginalis
66
primary mode of transmission is
sexual intercourse
67
trichomonas vaginalis is first observed by __ at year ___
Donne 1836
68
Donne 1836 observe trichomonas vaginalis in ____
purulent secretions of male and
female urogenital tracts
69
It is now often described as the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection
trichomoniasis - trichomonas vaginalis
70
habitats of trichomonas vaginalis
female - vagina
male - mainly urethra, prostate and epididymis
71
most of the time the infected males of trichomonas vaginalis is (asymptomatic, symptomatic)
asymptomatic
72
most of the time the infected females of trichomonas vaginalis is (asymptomatic, symptomatic)
symptomatic
73
do genus trichomonas has cyst form?
no
74
trophozoite of trichomonas vaginalis
size:
shape:
number of nucleus:
axostyle:
number of flagella:
movement:
stain:
size: 7 – 23 um
shape: Pyriform
number of nucleus: single nucleus
position: anteriorly placed nucleus
axostyle - median and prominent
number of flagella: 3-5 flagella
movement: rapid jerky movement
stain: giemsa stained
75
can we use urine as a sample for trichomonas vaginalis?
yes
76
known as a naughty flagellate
trichomonas vaginalis
77
diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis:
say something about the undulating membrane
undulating membrane extending one half of the total body length
78
to differentiate the members of the trichomonas vaginalis is to take note of the length of the
undulating membrane
79
clinical features of trichomonas vaginalis in females
persistent vaginitis - experiencing dysuria - with burning sensation
passage of yellow or greenish vaginal discharge
foul smell
some cases of nocturia
itching and might extend to cervx
80
what is the incubation period of trichomonas vaginalis
5 to 28 days
sa book 4-28 days
81
clinical features:
infected male by trichomonas vaginalis may experience ___
urethritis
passage of thin urethral discharge
burning sensation
in severe cases, prostate gland might be involved resulting to large tender prostate
82
The trophozoites of T.vaginalis infect the
surface but do not appear to invade the mucosa.
true or false
true
83
trichomoniasis is also called __ as it is very persistent and needs a treatment for both sexual partner
ping pong type of disease/infection
84
lesions in the cervix caused by trichomonas vaginalis is called
strawberry cervix
85
Speculum examination reveals punctate
hemorrhages of the cervix, the so-called
strawberry cervix, which is observed in only
____% of cases.
2
86
diagnosis of the trichomonas vaginalis
saline wet mounts (routine preparation)
87
___ of vaginal fluid is
the quickest and most inexpensive way to
diagnose trichomoniasis
Saline preparation
88
87what is the sensitivity rate of saline wet mounts preparation is
60-70%
89
The accepted gold standard of detection of trichomoniasis is __
culture which takes 2 to 5 days.
90
The unstained wet drop
preparations for T.vaginalis may be fixed and stained by
what stains
Giemsa, Papanicolau, Romanowsky, and acridine orange stains
91
what is the culture medium for trichomonas vaginalis
diamond's modified medium and Feinberg and Whittington
92
what is the treatment for the trichomonas vaginalis
*Metronidazole
*Tinidazole
*Treatment should be simultaneously given
to sexual partner to avoid re-infection
*Sexual intercourse should be discouraged
during the treatment period
93
a flagellate in which the prevalence is higher among women of child-bearing age
trichomonas vaginalis
94
trichomonas vaginalis
In the Philippines, prevalence rate is __ among commercial sex workers
14.8%
95
In pregnancy,
__ remains the drug of choice for
trichomoniasis.
metronidazole
96
a non pathogenic intestinal flagellate
Chilomastix mesnili
97
Chilomastix mesnili
TROPHOZOITE
size:
shape:
size: 6 -10 um
shape: Asymmetrical pear-shaped
98
why do chilomastix mesnili has asymmetrical pear shape?
because of the of a
SPIRAL GROOVE extending through the middle
half of the body
99
IT HAS A ROTARY MOVEMENT made by 3 anterior free flagella and a more delicate one within the PROMINENT CYTOSTOME
chilomastix mesnili
100
how many flagella do chilomastix mesnili have?
4 - 3 ANTERIOIR 1 DELICATE
101
movement of chilomastix mesnili
spiral or rotary
102
shape of the cysts of chilomastix mesnili
lemon shaped cysts because of the clear hyaline area anteriorly
103
“Nipple like” cyst
chilomastix mesnili cysts
104
how many nucleus do chilomastix cysts have?
single nucleus
105
cyst of chilomastix mesnili
shaped:
nucleus:
size:
fibrils: y
shaped: lemon shaped
nucleus: single nucleus
size: 7 -10 um x 4 ±6 um
fibrils: yes, internal fibrils are can be seen
106
diagnosis of chilomastix mesnili
Fresh fecal smears with cyst or
trophozoites
107
epidemiology:
prevalence percentage of chilomastix mesnili in the philippines
less than 1%
108
A pyriform flagellate, harmless commensal
TRICHOMONAS TENAX
109
TRICHOMONAS TENAX is also known as
Trichomonas elongata
Trichomonas buccali
110
habitat of trichomonas tenax
Lives in the tartar around the teeth,
in cavities or carious teeth, and in necrotic mucosal cells in the gingival margins, in pyorrheic pockets, and tonsillar crypt
111
trichomonas tenax
size:
number of flagella:
nucleus:
cytostome:
size: 5 – 10 um,
number of flagella: 4 equal flagella; fifth one in the margin of an undulating membrane not reaching the posterior end
nucleus: single
cytostome: yes
112
can we as well recover trichomonas tenax in rounded form?
yes
113
a flagellate that is Resistant to changes in temperature
trichomonax tenax
114
a flagellate that Will survive for several hours in drinking water.
trichomonax tenax
115
diagnostic feature of trichomonas tenax in regards of the undulating membrane
undulating membrane extending 2/3 of the body
116
other name for trichomonas hominis
Tritrichomonas hominis
Pentatrichomonas arden delteili
117
habitat for trichomonas hominis
Cecal area of the large intestines of
humans and other primates
118
number of flagella of trichomonas hominis
5 anterior
1 posterior
119
what are the 2 trichomonas flagellates mentioned that are intestinal?
trichomonas hominis and giardia intestinalis
120
the trophozoite of the trichomonas hominissize:
flagella:
nucleus:
size: pyriform shape 7 – 13 um
flagella: 3-5
nucleus: single seen anteriorly
121
the opposite side of the nucleus of the trichomonas hominis where the conical cytostome lies is called
cytostomal cleft
122
diagnostic feature of trichomonas hominis in terms of undulating membrane
full body undulating membrane
123
it is a prominent and evident feature of trichomonas hominis which will facilitate the attachment of the undulating membrane to the trophozoite
costa
124
Non-pathogenic, considered only as a
commensal or LUMEN DWELLER
In heavy infection, it is believed to
cause diarrhea
TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS
125
diagnosis for the trichomonas hominis
stool sample
126
the reason why there's a high cases of infection of trichomonas hominis among children is because of the
contaminated milk
127
trichomonas hominis can survive the passage of small intestine as well as the stomach provided if it's in the medium such as milk in cases of
achlorhydria
128
