LEC - INTO TO PARA, IMMUNITY,

Question 1

is the area of biology concerned
with the phenomenon of dependence of one
living organism on another

Answer 1

Parasitology

Question 2

is concerned primarily with parasites of humans
and their medical significance, as well as their
importance in human communities

Answer 2

Medical Parasitology

Question 3

is a branch of medicine that deals
with tropical diseases and other special medical
problems of tropical regions

Answer 3

Tropical
Medicine

Question 4

is an illness, which is indigenous to or endemic
in a tropical area but may also occur in sporadic
or epidemic proportions in areas that are not
tropical.

Answer 4

tropical disease

Question 5

is the
living together of unlike organisms. It may also
involve protection or other advantages to one
or both organisms.

Answer 5

is the
living together of unlike organisms. It may also
involve protection or other advantages to one
or both organisms.

Question 6

is a symbiotic
relationship in which two species live together
and one species benefits from the relationship
without harming or benefiting the other

Answer 6

Commensalism

Question 7

example of Commensalism

Answer 7

Entamoeba coli

in the intestinal lumen are supplied with nourishment and are protected from harm, while it does not cause any damage to the tissues of its host.

Question 8

is a symbiosis in which two organisms mutually
benefit from each other like termites and the
flagellates in their digestive system, which
synthesize cellulase to aid in the breakdown
of ingested wood

Answer 8

Mutualism

Question 9

is a symbiotic relationship where one organism, the parasite,
lives in or on another, depending on the latter
for its survival and usually at the expense of the host.

Answer 9

Parasitism

Question 10

example of Parasitism, which derives nutrition from the human host and causes amebic dysentery

Answer 10

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 11

A parasite living inside the body of a host is known as an

Answer 11

endoparasite

Question 12

s a parasite living outside
the body of a host is an __.

Answer 12

ectoparasite

Question 13

The presence of an endoparasite in a host is called an __

Answer 13

infection

Question 14

the presence of an ectoparasite
on a host is called an __

Answer 14

infestation

Question 15

A parasite is considered __ when it is found in an organ which is not its usual habitat

Answer 15

erratic

Question 16

Most parasites are __ parasites in that they need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development and to propagate their species

Answer 16

obligate

Question 17

A __ parasite may exist in a free-living
state or may become parasitic when the need arises

Answer 17

facultative

Question 18

A parasite, which establishes itself in a
host where it does not ordinarily live, is called
an __ parasite

Answer 18

accidental or incidental

erratic - organ
accidental - host

Question 19

A __ parasite remains on or in the body of the host for its entire life,

Answer 19

permanent

Question 20

a __ parasite lives on the host only for a short period of time

Answer 20

temporary

Question 21

A __ parasite is a free-living organism that
passes through the digestive tract without
infecting the host

Answer 21

spurious

gagala lang siya

Question 22

A __ or ___ host is one in
which the parasite attains sexual maturity

Answer 22

definitive or final

Question 23

An __ host harbors
the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

Answer 23

intermediate

Question 24

A __ host is one in which the
parasite does not develop further to later stages

However, the parasite remains alive and is able
to infect another susceptible host

Answer 24

paratenic

Question 25

__ hosts are important because they widen the parasite distribution and bridge the ecological gap between the definitive and intermediate hosts.

Answer 25

Paratenic

Question 26

__ are responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another through insects

Answer 26

Vectors

Question 27

A __ vector transmits the parasite only after the latter has completed its development within the host.

Answer 27

biologic

Question 28

A ___ or ___, on the other hand, only transports the parasite

Answer 28

mechanical or phoretic vector walang need for developing or proceeding with life cycle di magmamature basta transport lang kung adult yan, adult lang din itatranposrt

Question 29

A __ harbors a particular pathogen without manifesting any signs and symptoms

Answer 29

carrier

Question 30

__ is the process of inoculating an infective agent

Answer 30

Exposure

Question 31

__ connotes the `establishment` of the infective agent in the host.

Answer 31

infection

Question 32

is the period between infection and evidence of symptoms

Answer 32

incubation period

Question 33

__ also known as the biologic incubation period, is the period between infection or acquisition of the parasite and evidence or demonstration of infection.

Answer 33

pre-patent period,

Question 34

results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection.

Answer 34

Autoinfection

Question 35

is the study of patterns, distribution, and occurrence of disease.

Answer 35

Epidemiology

Question 36

is the number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time.

Answer 36

Incidence

Question 37

__ is the number (usually expressed as percentage) of individuals in a population estimated to be infected with a particular parasite species at a given time

Answer 37

Prevalence

Question 38

is the percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite

Answer 38

Cumulative prevalence

Question 39

refers to burden of infection which is related to the number of worms per infected person

Answer 39

Intensity of infection

Question 40

is the use of anthelminthic drugs in an individual or a public health program

Answer 40

Deworming

Question 41

refers to the number (usually expressed as a percentage) of previously positive subjects found to be egg negative on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after deworming.

Answer 41

Cure rate

Question 42

_is the percentage fall in egg counts after deworming based on examination of a stool or urine sample using a standard procedure at a set time after the treatment.

Answer 42

Egg reduction rate (ERR)

Question 43

involves individual-level deworming with selection for treatment based on a diagnosis of infection or an assessment of the intensity of infection, or based on presumptive grounds.

Answer 43

Selective treatment

Question 44

Universal treatment is population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics

Answer 44

Universal treatment

Question 45

is the regular, systematic, large-scale intervention involving the administration of one or more drugs to selected population groups with the aim of reducing morbidity and transmission of selected helminth infections

Answer 45

Preventive Chemotherapy

Question 46

refers to the proportion of the target population reached by an intervention

Answer 46

Coverage

Question 47

is the effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context.

Answer 47

Efficacy

Question 48

is a measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular host, living in a particular environment with specific ecological, immunological, and epidemiological determinants

Answer 48

Effectiveness

Question 49

is a genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a parasite population that was previously sensitive to the appropriate therapeutic dose

Answer 49

Drug resistance

Question 50

is the avoidance of illness caused by infections. It may be achieved by periodically deworming individuals or groups, known to be at risk of morbidity

Answer 50

Morbidity control

Question 51

is a health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain healthy life practices

Answer 51

Information-education-communication (IEC)

Question 52

is the planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors or their interaction with human beings with a view to preventing or minimizing vector or intermediate host propagation and reducing contact between humans and the infective agent

Answer 52

Environmental management

Question 53

involves interventions to reduce environmental health risks including the safe disposal and hygienic management of human and animal excreta, refuse, and waste water. It also involves the control of vectors, intermediate hosts, and

Answer 53

Environmental sanitation

Question 54

is the provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta, usually combined with access to safe drinking water

Answer 54

Sanitation

Question 55

is defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts.

Answer 55

Disease eradication

Question 56

not all interactions between the host and parasite relationship result in injury and pathology. It can result in the following outcomes:

Answer 56

* Parasite fails to become established in the host. * Parasite becomes established and the host eliminates the infection. * Parasite becomes established, and the host begins to overcome the infection but is not totally successful. * Parasite becomes established and the host, in trying to eliminate the organism, becomes damaged itself. * Parasite becomes established and kills the host.