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PARASITOLOGY > miscellaneous > Flashcards

miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

considered to be the largest intestinal protozoa

A

balantidium coli

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2
Q

shape; “little bag” “sac chape”

A

balantidium coli

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3
Q

the only member under the PHYLUM ciliophora that is capable of infecting human host or the only one pathogenic

A

balantidium coli

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4
Q

ciliated protozoa

A

balantidium coli

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5
Q

location of the cytostome and cytopyge of balantidium coli T

A

cytostome - anteriorly
cytopyge - posteriorly

this protozoa as well is tapered anteriorly and broad posteriorly

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6
Q

do balantidium coli has vacuoles?

A

yes they have,

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7
Q

two types of vacuoles of balantidium coli

A

contractile and food reserves

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8
Q

____ are the smaller vacuoles in B. coli, and sometimes has bacterial particles

A

food reserves vacuole

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9
Q

movement of Balantidium coli

A

rotary or boring

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10
Q

rollling ball movement

A

balantidium coli

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11
Q

the diagnostic feature/form for both T and C of balantidium coli is the presence of

A

kidney shape MACRONUCLEUS

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12
Q

2 types of nucleus of balantidium coli

A

Kidney shaped (macronucleus)
small spherical (micronucleus)

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13
Q

shape of the cyst of the balantidium coli

A

rounded to ovoidal

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14
Q

can we still identify macronucleus in a cyst form of Balantidium coli/

A

yes, the presence of macronucleus is still in the cyst form

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15
Q

how many walls do balantiidum coli has?

A

2 - double cyst wallw

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16
Q

where we can find the cilia of the balantidium coli cyst?

A

Row of cilia visible in between
cyst wall layers of young cyst

surrounding the inner wall

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17
Q

can we still identify contractile vacuoles in a cyst form of Balantidium coli/

A

yes, still have sivacuoles in cyst

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18
Q

size of the balantidium coli in T form

A

28 - 152 um; 22-123 um

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19
Q

size of the balantidium coli in a cyst form

A

43-66 um

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20
Q

Infective stage: cyst, NOT viable for several weeks

true or false

A

false, it can still thrive for several days

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21
Q

Human infection results from ingestion of food or water
contaminated with ___’ fecal material containing Balantidium
coli cyst

A

pigs

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22
Q

how many days is the incubation period of balantidium coli?

A

4-5 days

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23
Q

In balantidium coli, Ingested cysts ___ in the small intestine

A

excysts

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24
Q

habitat of B.coli

trophozoites inhabit the lumen, mucosa and submucosa of the
large intestine, primarily the ___ region

A

cecal OR CECUM

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25
Q

habitat of balantidium coli

A

cecum

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26
Q

for the pathogenesis, what is the name of the disease for the balantidium coli

A

balantidiasis

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27
Q

2 stages of balantidiasis

A

balantidial colitis and balantidial dysentery

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28
Q

differentiate amebic dysentery and balantidial dysentery

A

blood, mucus
pus - rare in amebiasis

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29
Q

reason why balantidiasis results to dysentery?

A

because of the ulcersu

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30
Q

ulcers shape of balantidium coli

A

rounded base or wide neck ulcers

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31
Q

what is identified in the histological exammination of the infection site of the balantidium coli?

A

rounded or wide neck ulcers

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32
Q

balantidium coli might have severe Complications include ___

A

intestinal perforation and acute appendicitis

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33
Q

balantidium coli increase its virulence by secreting enzyme and toxic products called

A

hyaluronidase

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34
Q

the one responsible for the characteristics of ulcer formation in balantidium coli

A

hyaluronidasei

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35
Q

it is usually non-pathogenic commensal in the large intestine

A

balantidium coli

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36
Q

In balantidium coli, Majority of the symptomatic patients complain of __and
____

A

diarrhea ; dysentery

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37
Q

Abdominal discomfort or pain associated with nausea and vomiting

A

balantidium coli

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38
Q

gold standard for the balantidum coli

A

stool examination for T and C form

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39
Q

sample can be taken from the “__” of the large intestine will undergo sigmoidoscopy and will be able to identify TROPHOZOITE

A

sigmoid

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40
Q

drug of choice for balantidium coli

A

METRONIDAZOLE, tetracycline or iodoquinol

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41
Q

Balantidium coli’s Cyst is resistant to environmental conditions and may survive for long period, they are easily inactivated by __and 1___

A

heat and %1 sodium hypochlorite

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42
Q

another intestinal protozoa that is formerly classified as a yeast

A

Blastocystis hominis

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43
Q

intestinal protozoa that is considered STRAMENOPHILE which are part of eukaryotic organisms

A

blastocystis hominis

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44
Q

how many forms do blastocystis hominis have?

A

4 forms

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45
Q

what are the 4 forms of blastocystis hominis?

A

vacuolated
ameba-like
granular
multiple fission
cystic

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46
Q

the only form that canbe recovered for blastocystis hominis in a human host is the

A

vacuolated form

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47
Q

Most predominant form of blastocystis hominis

A

vacuolated form

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48
Q

this form of blastocystis hominis has a Large central vacuole (reproductive organelle) and very thick capsule

A

vacuolated form

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49
Q

this form of blastocystis hominis has the
Active extensions and pseudopodia

A

Ameba-like forms

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50
Q

a form of blastocystis hominis that is associated with

Nuclear chromatin: peripheral clumping

A

Ameba-like forms

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51
Q

Intermediate stage between vacuolar and pre-cystic of blastocystis hominis

A

ameba like form

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52
Q

a form of blastocystis hominis that is Observed from old cultures

A

granular forms

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53
Q

in blastocystis hominis granular form, Granular contents develop into daughter cells of the ____ when it
ruptures

A

ameba-form

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54
Q

a form of blastocystis hominis that Arise from vacuolated forms

A

multiple fission form

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55
Q

this form of blastocystis hominis Produce many vacuolated forms

A

multiple fission forms

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56
Q

blastocystis hominis form in which it is very prominent and thick osmophilic electron dense wall

A

cystic form

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57
Q

the infective stage of blastocystis hominis

A

cystic form

58
Q

in cystic form of blastocystis hominis, the thick walled cyst is for ___

A

responsible for external transmission

59
Q

in cystic form of blastocystis hominis, the thin walled cyst is for ___

A

reinfection within a hosts intestinal tract

60
Q

distinct feature of the vacuolated blastocystis hominis is the presence of __

A

large FLUID-FILLED vacuole

61
Q

in the remaining cytoplasm of the blastocystis hominis, how many nuclei we can found?

A

2 up to 4

62
Q

permanent stains used commonly for blastocystis hominis are

A

Hematoxylin or Trichrome

in the image provided in the discussion : trichome (blue-green colored)

63
Q

percentage of the vacuoles to cytoplasm of blastocystis hominis

A

90% vacuole

64
Q

size of the vacuolated form of Blastocystis hominis

A

5-32 um

65
Q

the life cycle of this protozoan is not yet clear

A

blastocystis hominis

66
Q

disease named for blastocystis hominis

A

blastocystosis

67
Q

blastocystosis is characterized by __

A

irritable bowel movement

68
Q

irritable bowel movement

A

blastocystosis

69
Q

culture medium we can use for blastocystis hominis

A

Boeck and Drbohlav’s media, Nelson and Jones media

70
Q

gold standard for blastocystis

A

stool specimen

71
Q

main feature of irritable bowel movement

A

alternating diarrhea and constipation

72
Q

signs and symptoms for patient recovered with blastocystis hominis

A

gastrointestinal discomfort

73
Q

in blastocystis hominis, what is th purpose of the concentration technique?

A

it increase sensitivity

74
Q

B. hominis infections indicated that they occurred as EPIDEMIC
in ___.

A

subtropical countries

75
Q

complete signs and symptoms of blastocystosis

A
  • mild to moderate diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • nausea
  • fever
  • abdominal pain and cramping
  • bloating
  • flatulence
76
Q

drug of choice for blastocystosis

A

Metronidazole (DOC)

Iodoquinol and Trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole

77
Q

what are the 2 free living pathogenic amoeba

A

naegleria fowleri and acanthameba spp.

78
Q

mode of living of the free living pathogenic amoeba

A

facultative

79
Q

it used to be classified as a member of acanthameba

A

Naegleria fowleri

80
Q

how many morphologic forms do naegleria fowleri has?

A

3 formsqh

81
Q

what are the 3 forms of naegleria fowleri

A

trophozoite
flagellate
cysts

82
Q

a form of naegleria fowleri that can be recovered from the human specimen is the

A

trophozoite form

83
Q

what is the infective stage of the naegleria fowleri

A

trophozoite

84
Q

trophozoite of the naegleria fowleri

pseudopods:
size:
nuclei:
karyosome:
PC:
cytoplasm:

A

Size : 8-22 um
pseudopods: Sluglike, blunt pseudopods
nuclei: One
Karyosome: Large and usually
centrally located

PC: Absent
Cytoplasm: Granular, usually
vacuolated

85
Q

how many flagella do naegleria fowleri has?

A

2 flagella

86
Q

cysts form of the naegleria fowleri

size range: 5-22 um
Shape: ovoid, ellipsoid, triangular
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: large, eccentric
achromatic granules
on one side may be
present
Peripheral Absent
Chromatin:
Cytoplasm: coarsely granular and
vacuolated
Cytoplasmic well-defined glycogen mass
Inclusions: Granules may be present

A

cysts form of the naegleria fowleri

Size range: 5-22 um
Shape: ovoid, ellipsoid, triangular
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: large, eccentric
achromatic granules
on one side may be
present
PC: ABSENT
Cytoplasm: coarsely granular and
vacuolated
Cytoplasmic Inclusions: well-defined glycogen mass. Granules may be present

87
Q

FLAGELLATE form of naegleria fowleri is can be only seen in

A

water- used for swimming

88
Q

what is the difference of the naegleria fowleri and acanthameba’s cyst?

A

both are doubled cyst wall but the naegleria fowleri’s outer wall is SMOOTH

89
Q

mode of entry of the naegleria fowleri

A

enters the nasal mucosa

90
Q

free living pathogenic ameba that can be Found in warm bodies of water, including lakes, streams,
ponds, and swimming pools.

A

naegleria fowleri

91
Q

naegleria fowleri Can survive in up to ___l of hyperchlorinated
water

A

0.5 μg/m

92
Q

this free living ameba is Higher in the summer months of the year
and Able to survive in elevated temperatures up to 46 ̊C

A

naegleria fowleri

93
Q

temperature in which naegleria fowleri can still thrive

A

up to 46* C

94
Q

Can we as well get infected by the naegleria fowleri through dust?

A

yes

95
Q

the trophozoite can migrate into the blood stream and infect the __ and cause rapid tissue destruction

A

brain

96
Q

brain infection caused by the naegleria fowleri si called

A

PAM - primary amebic meningoencephalitis

97
Q

specimen used for naegleria fowleri

A

csf

98
Q

due to nasal colonization, there can be ___ cases as well

A

asymptomatic

99
Q

the symptomatic expression of naegleria fowleri’s disease

A

brain infection - PAM

100
Q

signs and symptos of brain infection of the naegleria fowleri

A

nausea, fever, vomitting, MENINGITIS

101
Q

associated with the signs and symptoms specially meningitis caused by naegleria fowleri

A

Kernig’s sign

102
Q

characteristic findings using the csf sample for naegleria fowleri

A

pleocytosis
elevated csf protein
decrease glucose level

103
Q

one of the characteristsic findings for csf specimen infected by naegleria fowleri that is associated with

high percentage of PMN cells)

A

pleocytosis

104
Q

microscopic examination for naegleria fowleri can identify which form?

A

trophozoite

105
Q

what samples infected by naegleria fowleria re can be subjected to biopsy?

A

brain and affected tissue

106
Q

what samples infected by naegleria fowleria re can be subjected to wet mount?

A

csf

107
Q

what samples infected by naegleria fowleria re can be subjected to saline wet preparetion?

A

csf

108
Q

culture for naegleria fowleri

A

Balamuth medium, Nonnutrient agar overlayed with Escherichia coli

109
Q

Positive result stating that there’s a presence of naegleria fowleri in an agar

A

trailing effect

110
Q

molecular technique for naegleria fowleri

A

LISA, PCR

111
Q

drug of choice for naegleria fowleri

A

Amphotericin B - DOC

  • Amphotericin B with rifampin /miconazole
112
Q

much more aggressive than the acanthamoeba that will result to rapid cell destruction

A

naegleria fowleri

113
Q

acanthamoeba trophozoite

size :
movement:
no. nuclei.:
karyosome:
PC:
cytoplasm:

A

Size range: 12-45 um
Motility: Sluggish, spinelike
pseudopods
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: Large
PC: absent
Cytoplasm: Granular and
vacuolated

114
Q

diagnostic feature of the trophozoite of the acanthamoeba

A

spiny looking filaments that serves as the pseudopods

115
Q

acanthamoeba trophozoite

size :
movement:
no. nuclei.:
karyosome:
PC:
cytoplasm:

A

Size range: 8-25 um
Shape: roundish with ragged edges
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: Large and central
PC: absent
Cytoplasm: Disorganized, granular,
sometimes vacuolated
Cytoplasmic Double cell wall,
Inclusions: smooth polygonal inner cell wall and outer wrinkeld/jagged cell wall

116
Q

In acanthamoeba, what is the infective form?

A

both T and C

117
Q

mode of entry of acanthamoeba
1st -
2nd -
3rd -

A

1st - nasal pasages
2nd - not intact skin/wound
3rd - eyes

118
Q

acanthamoeba can infect the brain as well and the disease is called as

A

GAE - granulomatous amebic encephalitis

119
Q

GAE or PAM

signs and symptoms are manifested at the course of the disease - slow progress as well

A

GAE

120
Q

what samples infected by acanthamoeba are can be subjected to wet mount?

A

CSF and Corneal scrapings

121
Q

what samples infected by acanthamoeba are can be subjected to biopsy?

A

brain tissue

122
Q

culture used for acanthamoeba

A

Non nutrient agar with E. coli, Proteose-peptone,
yeast extract, glucose and cysteine (PYGC) containing
antibiotics

123
Q

molecular technique used for acanthamoeba

A

PCR

124
Q

Reported from many countries worldwide both CNS and eye
infection

A

ACANTHAMOEBA SPP

125
Q

for acanthamoeba, CNS infection appears in patient who are ____

A

immunocompromised

126
Q

acanthamoeba can be isolated from

A

Isolated from air, aquaria, bottled mineral water, soil swimming
pools, deep well water, CONTACT LENS SOLUTION

127
Q

diseases associated with acanthamoeba

A

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)
Acanthamoeba keratitis

128
Q

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) is first documented by

A

Stamm

129
Q

incubation period for acanthamoeba to result Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)

A

10 days

130
Q

drug of choice for acanthamoeba

A

Propamidine isethianate (DOC)

  • Sulfamethazine
  • Itraconazole
  • Ketoconazole
  • Miconazole
  • Rifampin
131
Q

cases of acanthamoeba keatitis may lead to

A

loss of vision

132
Q

formerly classified as ameba

A

dientamoeba fragilis

133
Q

only exist in the trophozoite form

A

dientamoeba fragilis

134
Q

how many nucleus do dientamoeba has?

A

2 nuclei

135
Q

chromatin granules within the nuclei will form symmetrical arrangement

A

dientamoeba fragilis

136
Q

is Dientamoeba fragilis considered intestinal parasite?

A

yes

137
Q

has the ability to adapt in the background

A

dientamoeba fragilis

138
Q

recommended specimen preparation for the dientamoeba fragilis

A

concentration technique of the stool sample

139
Q

ther’es some theories sayig that dientamoeba fragilis can be transmitted through what parasites?

A

eggs of enterobius vermicularis and ascaris lumbricoides

140
Q

dientamoeba fragilis
Permanent stained smear: ___
* Molecular techniques: ___

A

Iron
hematoxylin

RT-PCR

PARASITOLOGY (10 decks)

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