miscellaneous Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
considered to be the largest intestinal protozoa
A
balantidium coli
2
Q
balantidium coli was initially identified or known as
A
Paramecium coli
3
Q
shape; “little bag” “sac chape”
A
balantidium coli
4
Q
the only member under the PHYLUM ciliophora that is capable of infecting human host or the only one pathogenic
A
balantidium coli
5
Q
ciliated protozoa
A
balantidium coli
6
Q
B. coli is the causative agent
of the zoonotic disease called ___ ,
A
balantidiasis, balantidiosis, or balantidial dysentery
7
Q
location of the cytostome and cytopyge of balantidium coli T
A
cytostome - anteriorly
cytopyge - posteriorly
this protozoa as well is tapered anteriorly and broad posteriorly
8
Q
do balantidium coli has vacuoles?
A
yes they have,
9
Q
purpose of contractile vacuole in balantidium coli
A
act as osmoregulatory organelles.
10
Q
two types of vacuoles of balantidium coli
A
contractile and food reserves
11
Q
____ are the smaller vacuoles in B. coli, and sometimes has bacterial particles
A
food reserves vacuole
12
Q
movement of Balantidium coli
A
rotary or boing
13
Q
rollling ball movement
A
balantidium coli
14
Q
the diagnostic feature/form for both T and C of balantidium coli is the presence of
A
kidney/bean shape MACRONUCLEUS
15
Q
2 types of nucleus of balantidium coli
A
Kidney shaped (macronucleus)
small spherical/round (micronucleus)
16
Q
shape of the cyst of the balantidium coli
A
rounded to ovoidal
40-60 um in diameter
17
Q
can we still identify macronucleus in a cyst form of Balantidium coli/
A
yes, the presence of macronucleus is still in the cyst form
18
Q
how many walls do balantiidum coli has?
A
2 - double cyst wall
19
Q
where we can find the cilia of the balantidium coli cyst?
A
Row of cilia visible in between
cyst wall layers of young cyst
surrounding the inner wall
20
Q
can we still identify contractile vacuoles in a cyst form of Balantidium coli/
A
yes, still have sivacuoles in cyst
21
Q
size of the balantidium coli in T form
A
28 - 152 um; 22-123 um
22
Q
size of the balantidium coli in a cyst form
A
43-66 um
23
Q
Infective stage of balantidium coli: cyst, NOT viable for several weeks
true or false
A
false, it can still thrive for several days
24
Q
Human infection results from ingestion of food or water
contaminated with ___’ fecal material containing Balantidium
coli cyst
A
pigs
25
how many days is the incubation period of balantidium coli?
4-5 days
26
In balantidium coli, Ingested cysts ___ in the small intestine
excysts
27
habitat of B.coli
trophozoites inhabit the lumen, mucosa and submucosa of the
large intestine, primarily the ___ region
cecal OR CECUM
28
habitat of balantidium coli
cecum
29
for the pathogenesis, what is the name of the disease for the balantidium coli
balantidiasis
30
2 stages of balantidiasis
balantidial colitis and balantidial dysentery
31
___ involves diarrhea with
bloody and mucoid stools, which is sometimes
indistinguishable from amebic dysentery
Fulminant balantidiasis,
or balantidial dysentery
32
differentiate amebic dysentery and balantidial dysentery
blood, mucus
pus - rare in amebiasis
33
acute cases of fulminant balantidiases or balantidial dysentery may have how many episodes of diarrhea per day
6-15 episodes
34
reason why balantidiasis results to dysentery?
because of the ulcersu
35
This form of balantidiasis is
often associated with immunocompromised
and malnourished states.
fulminant balantidiasis or balantidiasis dysentery
36
3rd form of balantidiases wherein diarrhea may alternate with constipation, and may be accompanied by non specific symptoms such as abdominal pain, or cramping, anemia, and cachexia
chronic form
37
3 form of balantidiases
asymptomatic
fulminant or balantidiasis dysentery
chronic form
38
ulcers shape of balantidium coli
rounded base or wide neck ulcers
39
what is identified in the histological exammination of the infection site of the balantidium coli?
rounded or wide neck ulcers
40
balantidium coli might have severe Complications include ___
intestinal perforation and acute appendicitis
41
balantidium coli increase its virulence by secreting enzyme and toxic products called
hyaluronidase
42
the one responsible for the characteristics of ulcer formation in balantidium coli
hyaluronidase - secreted by trophozoites
43
it is usually non-pathogenic commensal in the large intestine
balantidium coli
44
In balantidium coli, Majority of the symptomatic patients complain of __and
____
diarrhea ; dysentery
45
Abdominal discomfort or pain associated with nausea and vomiting
balantidium coli
46
gold standard for the balantidum coli
stool examination for T and C form
microscopic determination using direct examination or concentration (sedimentation or flotation) techniques
47
sample can be taken from the "__" of the large intestine will undergo sigmoidoscopy and will be able to identify TROPHOZOITE
sigmoid
48
drug of choice for balantidium coli
METRONIDAZOLE, tetracycline or iodoquinol
tetracycline for adu;t
metronidazole for children
49
Balantidium coli's Cyst is resistant to environmental conditions and may survive for long period, they are easily inactivated by __and 1___
heat and %1 sodium hypochlorite
50
control measures for balantidium coli
proper sanitation, safe water supply, good
personal hygiene, and protection of food from
contamination. Measures to `limit contact of
pigs` with water sources and food crops may
also contribute to reducing transmission
and infection
Use of `pig feces` as fertilizer
should also be avoided
51
can we kill balantidium coli through chlorination
nope
52
another intestinal protozoa that is formerly classified as a yeast
Blastocystis hominis
53
intestinal protozoa that is considered STRAMENOPHILE which are part of eukaryotic organisms
blastocystis hominis
54
how many forms do blastocystis hominis have?
4 forms
55
what are the 4 forms of blastocystis hominis?
vacuolated
ameba-like
granular
multiple fission
cystic
56
the only form that canbe recovered for blastocystis hominis in a human host is the
vacuolated form
57
Most predominant form of blastocystis hominis
vacuolated form
58
this form of blastocystis hominis has a Large central vacuole (reproductive organelle) and very thick capsule
vacuolated form
59
this form of blastocystis hominis has the
Active extensions and pseudopodia
Ameba-like forms
60
a form of blastocystis hominis that is associated with
Nuclear chromatin: peripheral clumping
Ameba-like forms
61
Intermediate stage between vacuolar and pre-cystic of blastocystis hominis
ameba like form
62
a form of blastocystis hominis that is Observed from old cultures
granular forms
63
in blastocystis hominis granular form, Granular contents develop into daughter cells of the ____ when it
ruptures
ameba-form
64
a form of blastocystis hominis that Arise from vacuolated forms
multiple fission form
65
this form of blastocystis hominis Produce many vacuolated forms
multiple fission forms
66
blastocystis hominis form in which it is very prominent and thick osmophilic electron dense wall
cystic form
67
the infective stage of blastocystis hominis
cystic form
68
in cystic form of blastocystis hominis, the thick walled cyst is for ___
responsible for external transmission
69
in cystic form of blastocystis hominis, the thin walled cyst is for ___
reinfection within a hosts intestinal tract
70
distinct feature of the vacuolated blastocystis hominis is the presence of __
large FLUID-FILLED vacuole
71
in the remaining cytoplasm of the blastocystis hominis, how many nuclei we can found?
2 up to 4
72
permanent stains used commonly for blastocystis hominis are
Hematoxylin or Trichrome
in the image provided in the discussion : trichome (blue-green colored)
73
percentage of the vacuoles to cytoplasm of blastocystis hominis
90% vacuole
74
size of the vacuolated form of Blastocystis hominis
5-32 um
75
the life cycle of this protozoan is not yet clear
blastocystis hominis
76
disease named for blastocystis hominis
blastocystosis
77
blastocystosis is characterized by __
irritable bowel movement
78
irritable bowel movement
blastocystosis
79
culture medium we can use for blastocystis hominis
Boeck and Drbohlav’s media, Nelson and Jones media
80
gold standard for blastocystis
stool specimen
81
main feature of irritable bowel movement
alternating diarrhea and constipation
82
signs and symptoms for patient recovered with blastocystis hominis
gastrointestinal discomfort
83
in blastocystis hominis, what is th purpose of the concentration technique?
it increase sensitivity
84
B. hominis infections indicated that they occurred as EPIDEMIC
in ___.
subtropical countries
85
complete signs and symptoms of blastocystosis
* mild to moderate diarrhea
* vomiting
* nausea
* fever
* abdominal pain and cramping
* bloating
* flatulence
86
drug of choice for blastocystosis
Metronidazole (DOC)
Iodoquinol and Trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole
87
what are the 2 free living pathogenic amoeba
naegleria fowleri and acanthameba spp.
88
mode of living of the free living pathogenic amoeba
facultative
89
it used to be classified as a member of acanthameba
Naegleria fowleri
90
how many morphologic forms do naegleria fowleri has?
3 formsqh
91
what are the 3 forms of naegleria fowleri
trophozoite
flagellate
cysts
92
a form of naegleria fowleri that can be recovered from the human specimen is the
trophozoite form
93
what is the infective stage of the naegleria fowleri
trophozoite
94
trophozoite of the naegleria fowleri
pseudopods:
size:
nuclei:
karyosome:
PC:
cytoplasm:
Size : 8-22 um
pseudopods: Sluglike, blunt pseudopods
nuclei: One
Karyosome: Large and usually
centrally located
PC: Absent
Cytoplasm: Granular, usually
vacuolated
95
how many flagella do naegleria fowleri has?
2 flagella
96
cysts form of the naegleria fowleri
size range: 5-22 um
Shape: ovoid, ellipsoid, triangular
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: large, eccentric
achromatic granules
on one side may be
present
Peripheral Absent
Chromatin:
Cytoplasm: coarsely granular and
vacuolated
Cytoplasmic well-defined glycogen mass
Inclusions: Granules may be present
cysts form of the naegleria fowleri
Size range: 5-22 um
Shape: ovoid, ellipsoid, triangular
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: large, eccentric
achromatic granules
on one side may be
present
PC: ABSENT
Cytoplasm: coarsely granular and
vacuolated
Cytoplasmic Inclusions: well-defined glycogen mass. Granules may be present
97
FLAGELLATE form of naegleria fowleri is can be only seen in
water- used for swimming
98
what is the difference of the naegleria fowleri and acanthameba's cyst?
both are doubled cyst wall but the naegleria fowleri's outer wall is SMOOTH
99
mode of entry of the naegleria fowleri
enters the nasal mucosa
100
free living pathogenic ameba that can be Found in warm bodies of water, including lakes, streams,
ponds, and swimming pools.
naegleria fowleri
101
naegleria fowleri Can survive in up to ___l of hyperchlorinated
water
0.5 μg/m
102
this free living ameba is Higher in the summer months of the year
and Able to survive in elevated temperatures up to 46 ̊C
naegleria fowleri
103
temperature in which naegleria fowleri can still thrive
up to 46* C
104
Can we as well get infected by the naegleria fowleri through dust?
yes
105
the trophozoite can migrate into the blood stream and infect the __ and cause rapid tissue destruction
brain
106
brain infection caused by the naegleria fowleri si called
PAM - primary amebic meningoencephalitis
107
specimen used for naegleria fowleri
csf
108
due to nasal colonization, there can be ___ cases as well
asymptomatic
109
the symptomatic expression of naegleria fowleri's disease
brain infection - PAM
110
signs and symptos of brain infection of the naegleria fowleri
nausea, fever, vomitting, MENINGITIS
111
associated with the signs and symptoms specially meningitis caused by naegleria fowleri
Kernig’s sign
112
characteristic findings using the csf sample for naegleria fowleri
pleocytosis
elevated csf protein
decrease glucose level
113
one of the characteristsic findings for csf specimen infected by naegleria fowleri that is associated with
high percentage of PMN cells)
pleocytosis
114
microscopic examination for naegleria fowleri can identify which form?
trophozoite
115
what samples infected by naegleria fowleria re can be subjected to biopsy?
brain and affected tissue
116
what samples infected by naegleria fowleria re can be subjected to wet mount?
csf
117
what samples infected by naegleria fowleria re can be subjected to saline wet preparetion?
csf
118
culture for naegleria fowleri
Balamuth medium, Nonnutrient agar overlayed with Escherichia coli
119
Positive result stating that there's a presence of naegleria fowleri in an agar
trailing effect
120
molecular technique for naegleria fowleri
LISA, PCR
121
drug of choice for naegleria fowleri
Amphotericin B - DOC
* Amphotericin B with rifampin /miconazole
122
much more aggressive than the acanthamoeba that will result to rapid cell destruction
naegleria fowleri
123
acanthamoeba trophozoite
size :
movement:
no. nuclei.:
karyosome:
PC:
cytoplasm:
Size range: 12-45 um
Motility: Sluggish, spinelike
pseudopods
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: Large
PC: absent
Cytoplasm: Granular and
vacuolated
124
diagnostic feature of the trophozoite of the acanthamoeba
spiny looking filaments that serves as the pseudopods
125
acanthamoeba trophozoite
size :
movement:
no. nuclei.:
karyosome:
PC:
cytoplasm:
Size range: 8-25 um
Shape: roundish with ragged edges
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: Large and central
PC: absent
Cytoplasm: Disorganized, granular,
sometimes vacuolated
Cytoplasmic Double cell wall,
Inclusions: smooth polygonal inner cell wall and outer wrinkeld/jagged cell wall
126
In acanthamoeba, what is the infective form?
both T and C
127
mode of entry of acanthamoeba
1st -
2nd -
3rd -
1st - nasal pasages
2nd - not intact skin/wound
3rd - eyes
128
acanthamoeba can infect the brain as well and the disease is called as
GAE - granulomatous amebic encephalitis
129
GAE or PAM
signs and symptoms are manifested at the course of the disease - slow progress as well
GAE
130
what samples infected by acanthamoeba are can be subjected to wet mount?
CSF and Corneal scrapings
131
what samples infected by acanthamoeba are can be subjected to biopsy?
brain tissue
132
culture used for acanthamoeba
Non nutrient agar with E. coli, Proteose-peptone,
yeast extract, glucose and cysteine (PYGC) containing
antibiotics
133
molecular technique used for acanthamoeba
PCR
134
Reported from many countries worldwide both CNS and eye
infection
ACANTHAMOEBA SPP
135
for acanthamoeba, CNS infection appears in patient who are ____
immunocompromised
136
acanthamoeba can be isolated from
Isolated from air, aquaria, bottled mineral water, soil swimming
pools, deep well water, CONTACT LENS SOLUTION
137
diseases associated with acanthamoeba
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)
Acanthamoeba keratitis
138
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) is first documented by
Stamm
139
incubation period for acanthamoeba to result Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)
10 days
140
drug of choice for acanthamoeba
Propamidine isethianate (DOC)
* Sulfamethazine
* Itraconazole
* Ketoconazole
* Miconazole
* Rifampin
141
cases of acanthamoeba keatitis may lead to
loss of vision
142
formerly classified as ameba
dientamoeba fragilis
143
only exist in the trophozoite form
dientamoeba fragilis
144
how many nucleus do dientamoeba has?
2 nuclei
145
chromatin granules within the nuclei will form symmetrical arrangement
dientamoeba fragilis
146
is Dientamoeba fragilis considered intestinal parasite?
yes
147
has the ability to adapt in the background
dientamoeba fragilis
148
recommended specimen preparation for the dientamoeba fragilis
concentration technique of the stool sample
149
ther'es some theories sayig that dientamoeba fragilis can be transmitted through what parasites?
eggs of enterobius vermicularis and ascaris lumbricoides
150
dientamoeba fragilis
Permanent stained smear: ___
* Molecular techniques: ___
Iron
hematoxylin
RT-PCR
