MIDTERMS - COCCIDIAN PARASITES Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
coccidian parasites are the largest group in ___ protozoa
A
apicomplexan protozoa
apicomplexa phylum
2
Q
mode of living of coccidian parasites
A
obligate intracellular parasite
3
Q
coccidian parasites are under which class?
A
sporozea
4
Q
In class Sporozoea, the life cycle is characterized by an ___
A
alternations of generation
5
Q
COCCIDIAN LIFE CYCLE: 3 Sequential stages
A
sporogony
schizogony/merogony
gametogony
6
Q
among the life or sequential stages, which one is the sexual and producing oocyst?
A
sporogony
7
Q
among the life or sequential stages, which one is the asexual and producing merozoites?
A
schizogony/merogony
8
Q
gametogony produces what?
A
Development of male micro and female macro gametocytes
9
Q
___ reproduction occurs outside a human host
A
Asexual
10
Q
where do sexual production generally takes place?
A
inside the human host
11
Q
Medically important members are
A
Isospora belli
Cryptosporidium hominis
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Toxoplasma gondii
Sarcocystis hominis and Sarcocystis suihominis
12
Q
infective stage of Isospora belli
A
sporulated– Oocyst
13
Q
describe the oocyst of isospora belli
A
- thin walled transparent and ovoidal
14
Q
how many sporocyst and sporozoites do isospora belli has?
A
2 sporocyst and 4 sporozoite each
15
Q
life cycle of isospora beli
A
Ingest OOCYST (excyst) via contaminated food and water
SPOROZOITES (small intestines) asexual repro (SCHIZOGONY) which ruptures host’s cell liberating merozoites
MEROZOITES (will infest new epithelial cells)
MACRO/ MICROGAMETOCYTE (unite or will fuse to form Unsporulated oocyst)
oocyst (excreted in the stool) (consists of a sporoblast) divides into TWO SPOROBLASTS (matures) SPOROCYST (consist of 4 sausage shaped sporozoites) (MATURE OOCYST)
16
Q
sporulation occurs after the __
A
passage of oocysts through the stool
17
Q
name of disease for isospora beli infection
A
isosporiasis
18
Q
symptomatic infection of isoporiasis may present as a __
A
selflimiting gastroenteritis
19
Q
a presence of crystal namely __ is significant for isospora beli
A
CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS
20
Q
diagnosis of isospora beli
A
- Direct microscopy
- Concentration technique
(FECT, ZnSO4 and sugar floatation) - Staining techniques (Iodine, Kinyoun, Auramine-Rhodamine)
- Enterotest and duodenal aspirate
- Molecular testing
21
Q
concentration techniques for isospora beli
A
FECT, ZnSO4 and sugar floatation
22
Q
Staining techniques for isospora beli
A
Iodine, Kinyoun, Auramine-Rhodamine
23
Q
Asymptomatic treatment for isospora beli:
A
bland diet and bed rest
24
Q
symptomatic treatment for isospora beli:
A
Trimetroprim Sulfamethoxazole
25
infective stage of cryptosporidium hominis
oocysts
26
shape of cryptosporidium
hominis cysts
round
27
2 types of cyst in cryptosporidium
hominis
thin and thick walled (matured)
28
what's the function of thin walled cyst in cryptosporidium
hominis
Infect other
ENTEROCYTES - AUTO INFECTION
29
what's the function of thick-walled cyst in cryptosporidium
hominis
through the feces and will contaminate
food and water. Once ingested it will attach to the GIT
30
Cryptosporidium hominis has how many sporozoites in closer view?
In closer view, each oocysts has
4 (four) sporozoite
31
life cycle of cryptosporidium hominis
The sporozoites will develop into trophozoites and became
intracellular, the trophozoites divides producing merozoite
that infect other cells – macro and micro will eventually
produced, after fertilization it will result to a production of
oocyst
32
all stages of cryptosporidium
hominis are completed in
GIT - gastrointestinal tract
33
which coccidian parasite wherein its oocysts has no sporocysts but only sporozoites
cryptosporidium hominis
34
Disease name for crystosporidium hominis
cryptosporidiosis
35
in cryptosporidiosis, a manifestation is a diarrhea. What will happen for a healthy individual being infected with the said parasite?
self-limiting for healthy individuals (2
3 weeks)
36
in cryptosporidiosis, a manifestation is a diarrhea. What will happen for an immunocompromised individual being infected with the said parasite?
severe diarrhea, bile duct and gallbladder
maybe heavily infected, blunted intestinal
villi, varying degrees of malabsorption
land excessive fluid loss
37
a gladder infection caused by cryptosporidium hominis for immunocompromised patients will result to
ACUTE
GANGRENOUS CHOLECYSTITIS
38
in cryptosporidiosis, a manifestation is a diarrhea. What will happen for individual with AID being infected with the said parasite?
severe form of diarrhea,
progressively worse and life-threatening
39
Mode of transmission of isospora beli
1. ingestion of oocyst
2. sexual intercource
common with male
homosexuals with AIDS
40
mode of transmission for cryptosporidium hominis
Ingestion of Oocyst
41
method of diagnosis for cryptosporidium hominis
1. Sheather’s sugar
floatation or FECT
2. Kinyoun’s modified
acid-fast stain (oocyst
3. IFA
4. DNA probe
42
a concentration technique for the recovery of oocyst in the stool for cryptosporidium hominis
FECT - formalin-ether concentration technique
43
a stain used for cryptosporidium hominis which is routinely used and will stain the oocyst s red-pink
doughnut-shaped against a blue background
Kinyoun’s modified
acid-fast stain
44
is there an acceptable treatment for cryptosporidium hominis?
no acceptable treatment yet
45
a medicine for cryptosporidium hominis that is said to be
effective in preliminary
studies
Nitazoxanide
46
despite having no acceptable treatment for cryptosporidium hominis, a doctor can prescribe these medicines for sever diarrhea
Bovine colostrum,
paromycin and
clarithromycin
47
how to prevent and clean a possible infected water for cryptosporidium hominis
Synergistic effect of Use of
multiple disinfectant and
combined water
treatment
Proper disposal of human
and animal excreta
48
can we use chlorinated water for disinfecting cryptosporidium hominis>
nope, chlorination is not effective
49
In addition to the drugs
listed, ____ Are recommended for
both immunocompetent
and immunocompromised
individuals infected with cryptosporidium hominis
- chemotherapy
- body fluid replacement
- symptomatic treatment
50
__ is the most common source for cryptosporidium hominis
Water-borne transmission
51
In patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),
__________ infections are an important cause of death due to
dehydration.
Cryptosporidium
52
diagnosis of cryptosporidium parvum
Microscopic detection of acid-fast `oocysts` in stool or small
bowel mucosal epithelial cells
53
Infective
stage for cyclospora cayetanensis
oocyst
54
cyclospora cayetanensis is previously called as
“cyanobacterium
like body (CLB)”
55
why do cyclospora cayetanensis is previously called as cyanobacterium-like body?
because of its
photosynthesizing organelles
56
how many sporozoites and sporocysts do cyclospora cayetanensis
2 sporocyst
With 2 sporozoite
each
57
life cycle of cyclospora cayetanensis
Ingestion of SPORULATED OOCYST → W/C contains 2
SPOROCYST → W/ 2 SPOROZOITES each → multiple fission
o SPOROZOITES invade the epi cells of s.intestines →
MEROZOITES →
MICRO/MACRO → FERTILIZE → OOCYST (FECES) →
COMPLETE SPORULATION WITHIN 7-12 DAYS IN WARM
ENVIRONMENT
58
the only host of cyclospora cayetanensis
humans
59
cyclospora cayetanensis sporulate best at what temp>
room temp
60
what is the main source of cyclospora cayetanensis
direct source is unknown
61
clinical manifestations of cyclospora cayetanensis
Nonbloody diarrhea is the most common symptom, although infections
can be asymptomatic
Chronic and intermittent watery diarrhea
occurs in early infection
Fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, nausea,
abdominal pain, flatulence, bloating and dyspnea may develop.
62
in cyclospora cayetanensis, ____malabsorption has been found
to develop
D-Xylose
63
how many deaths are associated in cyclospora cayetanensis?
no death is associated
64
a version of cryptosporidium hominis but the duration of diarrhea is longer
cyclospora cayetanensis
65
the low grade fever which may occur for how many hrs in cyclospora cayetanensis infection?
12-24 hrs after exposure
66
in cyclospora cayetanensis, the infection is in the form of
gastrointestinal disturbances
67
mode of infection of cyclospora cayetanensis
ingestion of oocyst
68
method of diagnosis for cyclospora cayetanensis
1. DFS
2. Concentration
techniques
3. Kinyoun stain
4. Fluorescent microscopy
5. Safranin staining
6. PCR
69
in cyclospora cayetanensis, using fluorescent microscopy, oocyst will appear __
oocyst will appear as blue
or green circles
(autofluorescent)
70
in recovery of cyclospora cayetanensis, Addition of ___
allows sporocyst to
BECOME VISIBLE
5% POTASSIUM DICHROMATE
71
is there a treatment needed for cyclospora cayetanensis?
no treatment needed
72
cyclospora cayetanensis
No treatment needed
If pharmacologic
treatment is warranted,
___ is given
Cotrimoxazole
73
infective stage for humans of toxoplasma gondii
Oocyst
74
Two
morphological forms of toxoplasma gondii
Tachyzoite
Bradyzoite
75
a version of isospora beli but smaller
toxoplasma gondii
76
a morphological forms of toxoplasma gondii that is crescent
shape, actively and FAST multiplying
TACHYZOITES
77
a morphological forms of toxoplasma gondii that is slow multiplying
BRADYZOITES
78
toxoplasma gondii has how many sporocysts and sporozoites
2 sporocyst
(4 sporozoites each)
79
life cycle of toxoplasma gondi inside the cat
The merozoites differentiate into gametozoites in the
intestinal epthelium of the CAT will result to Oocyst
Mature oocyst reaches the intestine of new host- excyst – and releases 4 sporozoites
Gain entry to the lymphatic and spread to the organs and
tissues
Following entry to the new cell – will transform to
tachyzoite (found during initial and acute stage of
infection)
From tachyzoite will evolve into bradyzoite forming cysts
80
how many days does cyclospora cayetanensis takes after being out in the feces to process a complete sporulation?
7-12 days within room temp
81
82
how many days does toxoplasma gondii takes after being out in the feces to process a complete sporulation?
3-4 days
83
this member follows the typical life cycle of coccidian parasite
toxoplasma gondii
84
disease name for toxoplasma gondii
TOXOPLASMOSIS, CONGENITAL
TOXOPLASMOSIS, CEREBRAL
TOXOPLASMOSIS
85
what is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii
cat
86
a toxoplasma gondii, Complete life cycle occurs in __
cats
87
a ___ of toxoplasma gondii can be transferred from one
person to another through blood
transfusion, mother to fetus during the
first trimester of the pregnancy
Tachyzoite
88
an infection of toxoplasma gondii in a pregnant women will cause ___ in the first trimester of pregancy
stillbirth or abortion
89
in toxoplasma gondii, Tachyzoite and bradyzoite can be
transferred trough organ transplant - Specially ___
bone marrow
90
which morphological form of toxoplasma gondii can be can be acquired by eating
meats of infected animals
Bradyzoite
91
cysts formed by the bradyzoite of toxoplasma gondii, can be found in ___
Cyst can be found in brains, skeletal, and heart muscles, plus retina
92
toxoplasma gondi, For immunocompromised patient,
COMMON MANIFESTATION is ___
encephalitis
93
toxoplasmosis mimic the infection of ___ due to the following symptoms
FATIGUE, LYMPHADENITIS, CHILLS,
FEVER, HEADACHE AND MYALGIA
Mononucleosis
94
FETUS IS
INFECTED VIA TRANSPLACENTAL MEANS BY TOXOPLASMA GONDII
CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
95
in toxoplasma gondii, a commo cause of death to a newborn is the
ANEMIA
W/ PNEUMONIA
96
method of diagnosis for toxoplasma gondii
1. Biopsy- stained through
hematoxylin and eosin
stain
2. Serodiagnostic
methods- positive titer or
a four-fold rise in the titer - are used to detects
antibodies for toxoplasma
gondii
3. Sabin-Feldman
methylene blue dye test –
very specific and sensitive
4. IHAT
5. ELISA
6. PCR (Polymerase Chain
Reaction) - for insufficient sample
97
a method of diagnosis for toxoplasma gondi that is used to detect antibodies for toxoplasma gondii
Serodiagnostic
methods- positive titer or
a four-fold rise
98
a method of diagnosis for toxoplasma gondii that is used for insufficient amount of sample
pcr or polymerase chain reaction
99
medicine for toxoplasma gondii
Pyrimethamine and
sulfadiazine
- can only make
them under
control but
didn’t kill the
parasites
100
what are the transmission route if sarcocystis hominis and sarcosystis suihominis
1st and 2nd transmission
101
what is the 1st transmission is all about for Sarcocystis
hominis
& Sarcocystis
suihominis
uncooked meat
ingested –
gametogony
occurs
102
what is the 2nd transmission is all about for Sarcocystis
hominis
& Sarcocystis
suihominis
accidental
ingestion of
oocyst from stool
Sources of
animals. –
location: human
striated muscles
103
infective stage of Sarcocystis
hominis
& Sarcocystis
suihominis
mature oocysts
104
shape of the oocyst of
Sarcocystis
hominis
& Sarcocystis
suihominis
ovoidal
105
describe the oocyst of the Sarcocystis
hominis & Sarcocystis suihominis
A double
layered clear
and colorless
shell
surrounds the
sporocyst
106
Sarcocystis
hominis is from ____
& Sarcocystis
suihominis is from ___
S. hominis
from pigs
S. suihominis
from cattle
107
how many sporocysts and sporozoites do Sarcocystis
hominis & Sarcocystis suihominis has?
2
sporocyst
with 4
sausage
shape
sporozoite
108
describe the lifecycle of Sarcocystis
hominis & Sarcocystis suihominis
SPOROCYST AND OOCYT IN FECES → ingested by COWS →
Ruputures releasing SPOROZOITES → MEROZOITES →
Penetrate muscles and develope into →SARCOCYSTS W/ BRADYZOITES → ingested in undercooked
meat → BRADYZOITES (become motile after wall digestion)
released → enter intestinal cells → MICRO/MACRO →
OOCYST -feces
109
DISEASE NAME for Sarcocystis
hominis & Sarcocystis suihominis
Sarcosporidiosis and sarcocystosis
110
clinical manifestation of Sarcosporidiosis and sarcocystosis to humans and animals
Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, myalgia,
weakness, fever
For intermediate host, brain, muscle and
kidney tissues maybe damaged
May cause abortion to cows
111
what is the definitive method of diagnosis of sarcosporidiosis and sarcocystosis
biopsy of an
infected muscle
112
SARCOCYST are dentifiable
with what stain
HEMATOXYLIN AND
EOSIN STAIN
113
CONFIRMATORY
STAINING for sarcocystic hominis and suihominis
PAS Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
(Walls stain positively)
114
Wall of S.HOMINIS →
6um thick, radially striated
from villar protrussions
that are 7um long
115
Walls of S.SUIHOMINIS →
4-9um thick, with villar
protrussions up to 13um
long
116
Identification of sporocyst
in feces needs several
examination on separate
days
sarcocystic hominis and sarcocystic suihominis
117
__were
found to be useful in
muscular inflammation
Corticosteroids
118
__
– seen as potentially
effective in treating
intestinal infections for sarcocystic hominis and suihominis
Trimethoprim
sulfamethoxazole
