Glands

Question 1

What is a gland?

Answer 1

an epithelial cell or an aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance

Question 2

Define secretion

Answer 2

the production and release of materials by a cellular aggregate of cells

Question 3

What is an exocrine gland?

Answer 3

ducted
enzymes and lubricants
example salivary gland

Question 4

What is the hybrid cell that is seen in some exocrine ducts? What are their role?

Answer 4

myoepithelial cells

help eject the secretion from the duct

Question 5

What is an endocrine cell?

Answer 5

ductless release into bloodstream
hormones
example thyroid

Question 6

What are the shared steps of gland development generated in utero? What the happens in endocrine and exocrine cells?

Answer 6

growth factors cause proliferation and extracellular protein degradation by enzymes creates space
epithelial cell invade.
Endocrine- angiotensin to allow formation of bv’s and apoptosis of link to mother cell.
Exocrine- central cells die off to create duct

Question 7

What is merocrine secretion?

Answer 7

fusion of vesicles with apical membrane
exocytosis
regulated and constitutive
insulin from beta cells

Question 8

What is apocrine secretion?

Answer 8

partial loss of the cytoplasm

lactation mammary glands

Question 9

What is holocrine secretion?

Answer 9

complete loss of cytoplasm

sebaceous glands

Question 10

What is cytocrine secretion?

Answer 10

cells released as secretion

sperm

Question 11

What is glycosylation?

Answer 11

covalent attachment of sugars by enzyme to protein and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

Question 12

Define exocytosis

Answer 12

vesicles fuse to membrane and secretion released outside cell

Question 13

define endocytosis

Answer 13

engulfing of molecules inside the cell via vesicle formation

Question 14

define phagocytosis

Answer 14

cells envelop/ engulf other cells and particles

Question 15

define pinocytosis

Answer 15

process in which liquid droplets are ingested by cells

Question 16

Name the 4 types of transepithelial transport

Answer 16

paracellular
transcellular
carrier proteins
receptors–> endocytosis –> exocytosis

Question 17

Name the 4 types of glandular control with examples

Answer 17

humoral- parathyroid in response to decrease Ca
neural- catcholamines form adrenal medulla
hormonal- hypothalamus–> anterior pituitary–> another endocrine gland

Question 18

Name the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

Answer 18

TSH 
ACTH
FSH 
LH 
GH
prolactin 
melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 19

Name the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary

Answer 19

ADH (vasopressin)

oxytocin

Question 20

Name the hormones produced by the thyroid gland

Answer 20

T3 and T4

calcitonin

Question 21

Name the hormone produced by the parathyroid gland

Answer 21

parathyroid hormone

Question 22

Name the hormones produced by the adrenal glands

Answer 22

catecholamines
corticosteroids
aldosterone

Question 23

Name the hormones secreted by the pancreas

Answer 23

glucagon
insulin
somastatin

Question 24

Name 4 types of hormone

Answer 24

peptide
steroid
amino acid derives- catecholamines and thyroid H’s

Question 25

What gestational weeks to gland develop?

Answer 25

5-16

Question 26

Where does the pituitary develop from?

Answer 26

neurohypophyseal bud and hypophyseal pouch

Question 27

Where does the thyroid develop from?

Answer 27

floor of pharynx and 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Question 28

Where does the parathyroid develop from?

Answer 28

3rd/4th pharyngeal pouches

Question 29

where does the pancreas develop from?

Answer 29

fore gut

Question 30

where does the adrenal glands develop from?

Answer 30

intermediate mesoderm and neural crest

Question 31

How many hormones does the hypothalamus produce that act on the anterior pituitary?

Answer 31

6

Question 32

What are the two portal systems in the body?

Answer 32

hypothalamus hypophyseal portal system | hepatic portal system

Question 33

What defines a portal system?

Answer 33

capillaries to portal vessels to capillaries then to veins and back to heart

Question 34

What is the skin that joins the two lobes of the thyroid?

Answer 34

isthmus

Question 35

Name a hypothyroid condition

Answer 35

hashimoto's

Question 36

name a hyperthyroid condition

Answer 36

graves

Question 37

What do parafollicular cells produce ?

Answer 37

calcitonin

Question 38

What are the main effects of calcitonin?

Answer 38

decrease Ca inhibit osteoclasts prevent reabsorption of ca and phosphate in kidney

Question 39

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

Answer 39

increase Ca | cause bone to release calcium and increase it absorption in the GI tract

Question 40

What shape is the right adrenal gland?

Answer 40

pyramid

Question 41

What shape is the left adrenal gland?

Answer 41

crescent moon shape

Question 42

What. cells in the medulla are connected to the presynaptic sympathetic nerves?

Answer 42

chromaffin cells

Question 43

What hormones are released by the adrenal medulla

Answer 43

adrenaline | noradrenaline

Question 44

What is produced by the zone glomeruloas of the cortex?

Answer 44

aldosterone

Question 45

What is produced by the zone fasciculata of the cortex?

Answer 45

glucocorticoids

Question 46

What is produced by the zone reticularis of the cortex?

Answer 46

androgen precursors

Question 47

What is the stress response?

Answer 47

maintenance of homeostasis in the present of a aversive stimulus that requires the activation of the endocrine, nervous and immune systems

Question 48

Where does the head of the pancreas sit?

Answer 48

curve of duodenum

Question 49

Where is the pancreas found?

Answer 49

behind stomach, left hand side

Question 50

What enzymes are produced by the exocrine region of the pancreas?

Answer 50

``` chymotrypsin trypsin amylase lipase ribonuclease deoxyribonuclease elastase gelatinase ```

Question 51

What type of epithelial cells line the intercalated ducts

Answer 51

simple columnar epithelium

Question 52

What is the endocrine region of the pancreas called?

Answer 52

islets of langerhans

Question 53

what do the alpha cells of the pancreas produce?

Answer 53

glucagon

Question 54

what do the beta cells of the pancreas produce?

Answer 54

insulin

Question 55

what to the delta cells of the pancreas produce?

Answer 55

Somastatin

Question 56

Secretion from parotoid gland?

Answer 56

predominantly serous

Question 57

Where is parotoid gland located?

Answer 57

below and infront of the ear

Question 58

What are the two parts of the submandibular gland and what do they secrete?

Answer 58

superficial- mucous | deep- serous

Question 59

How does parasympathetic ns affect salivary secretion?

Answer 59

lots watery saliva

Question 60

How does sympathetic ns affect salivary secretion?

Answer 60

small amount of thick secretion | lots of mucus

Question 61

Where is liver located?

Answer 61

right hand side under ribcage

Question 62

What are the blood supplied to the liver?

Answer 62

hepatic artery | hepatic portal system

Question 63

What vessels are in the portal triad?

Answer 63

bile duct, hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein

Question 64

What type of capillaries line the vessel in the liver?

Answer 64

sinusoids | also found in the spleen

Question 65

What do zone 1 hepatocytes do?

Answer 65

gluconeogensis beta oxidation cholestrol synthesis

Question 66

What do zone 2 hepatocytes do?

Answer 66

glycolysis, lipogeneis and cytochrom P450

Question 67

What do zone 3 hepatocytes do?

Answer 67

minimal metabolic function | where drug toxicity occurs

Question 68

List 4 main hepatocyte functions

Answer 68

protein synthesis and storage carb metabolism and storage lipid metabolism detoxification

Question 69

What are kupffer cells? What roles do they carry out?

Answer 69

specialist macrophages part of sinusoidal lining remove bacteria remove damage erthyrocytes (spleenectomy especially) migrate sites of inflammation

Question 70

What is the role of ito/ stellate cells?

Answer 70

contain vitamin A in healthy liver | damaged liver- differentiate to myofibroblasts causing fibrosis

Question 71

What isa the role of the dendritic cell?

Answer 71

``` function unknown possibly antigen presenting and recruitment of other immune cells ```