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semester 1 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is myalgia?

A

muscle pain

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2
Q

What is myasthenia?

A

weakness of muscles

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3
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

muscle component of the heart

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4
Q

What is myopathy?

A

any disease of the muscles

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5
Q

Whta is myoclonus?

A

sudden spasm of the muscle

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6
Q

What are the two main types of muscle? What is the main difference between them?

A

striated
non-striated
striated has myoglobin
non striated does not have myoglobin

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7
Q

What does myoglobin do?

A

Hb gives myoglobin oxygen especially at low pH for example when lactate builds up

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8
Q

What happens if muscle necrosis causes the release of myoglobin into the blood?

A

myoglobinuria

renal damage

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9
Q

What the plasma membrane of a muscle called?

A

sacrolemma

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10
Q

What is the cytoplasm of muscle called?

A

sacroplasm

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11
Q

What is the mitochondria in muscle called?

A

sacrosome

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12
Q

What is the contraction unit of muscle called?

A

sacromere

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13
Q

What is the SR of muscle called?

A

sacroplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

What is each fibre surrounded by?

A

endomysium

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15
Q

What are bundles of fibres called?

A

fascicles

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16
Q

What are fascicles surrounded by?

A

perimysium

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17
Q

What are bundles of fascicles surrounded by?

A

epimysium

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18
Q

Where are nuclei in skeletal muscle?

A

peripheral

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19
Q

What defines the length of a sacromere?

A

distance between two zlines

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20
Q

Is myosin thick or thin?

A

thick

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21
Q

Is actin thick or thin?

A

thin

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22
Q

What is the dark band called?

A

A band

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23
Q

What is the light band called?

A

I band

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24
Q

What are type 1 muscle fibers?

A

slow oxidative
aerobic
fatigue resistant

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25
What are type 2A muscle fibers?
fast oxidative glycolytic aerobic moderate fatigue resistance
26
What are type 2B muscle fibers?
fast glycolytic anaerobic rapid fatigue
27
Cardiac muscle cells act as a ...
synctium | wave-like function
28
What are the structures called that cardiomyocytes communicate through?
intercalated disc
29
What does cardiac muscle not have?
t-tubules
30
Where are the nuclei found?
centrally positioned
31
What isoforms of troponin are found in cardiac muscle?
I and T
32
What does ANP stand for?
Atrial natriuetic peptide
33
What does BNP stand for?
brain-type natriuetic peptide
34
What do ANP/BNP do? When are they released?
decrease atrial pressure by reducing blood volume and systemic resistance released in heart failure
35
What is hypertrophy?
muscle cell enlargement
36
What is hyperplasia
multiplication of muscle cells
37
What shape are smooth muscle fibers?
spindle shaped | fusiform
38
Where is the nucleus located in smooth muscle
central
39
Smooth muscle does not have...
striations t-tubules sacromeres troponins
40
What are the cave-like invaginations smooth muscle has called?
caveolae
41
Problems with involuntary muscles?
``` may develop mind of its own asthma painful menstruation increase bp incontinence abnormal gut motility ```
42
Can skeletal muscle repair and if so how?
yes by mitotic activity of satellite cells Hyperplasia follows muscle injury Satellite cells may fuse together resulting in hypertrophy
43
Can cardiac muscle repair?
not in adults | damage--> fibroblasts invade--> scarring
44
Can smooth muscle regenerate?
yes mitotic activity maintained
45
What does sympathetic innervation do to HR?
increase it
46
What does parasympathetic innervation do to HR?
decrease it
47
What voltage gates open in heart to allow influx of calcium ?
l-type voltage gates | dihydropyridine receptors
48
What a does the influx of calcium cause?
calcium induced calcium released | ryanodine receptors on endoplasmic reticulum open
49
Explain how oxytocyin activates smooth muscle
``` activate secondary messenger systems Ca influx induced Ca-calmodulin complex produced myosin light chain kinase activated phosphorylation of myosin ligt chain actin and myosin crossbridge can form ```
50
What cell resides above the terminal schwann cell in smooth muscle?
kranocyte unsure of function
51
What subunit of tropinin does calcium bind?
TnC
52
What pumps calcium ions back into terminal cisternae of SR?
SERCA2A
53
What is myasthenia gravis? What does it cause?
autoimmune disorder where antibodies are produced against Ach receptors endplate invaginations reduced, butons increase try increase signal to muscle results in intermittent muscle weakness
54
What is ptosis?
drooping of upper eyelid
55
Explain the sliding filament theory
look at book
56
What is compartment syndrome?
limbs divided into compartments delineated by fascia. Damage to muscle resulting in bleeding can cause the pressure within compartments to increase resulting in pain, altered sensation, swelling/shiny skin, increase capillary refill time
57
What is the treatment for compartment syndrome
Fasciotomy
58
Name three mechanisms of muscular atrophy
disuse surgery - degeneration of nerves takes 3 months to recover disease- muscular dystrophies
59
Explain the mechanism of muscular hypertrophy
Overstretching --> a and i band no longer engaged | new fibrils produced resulting in new sacromeres added into the middle of existing sacromeres
60
What is duchenne muscular dystrophy? What causes the destruction of muscle tissue?
x linked recessive disorder mutation in dytsrophin gene excess Ca into muscles--> Ca taken up by mt's--> water taken as result--> mt burst --> muscles burts
61
What is is called when muscles burst and release their contents? What happens as a result?
rhabdomyolysis increase creatine kinase and myoglobin in the blood kidney damage may result
62
What is measured in the blood as an indicator of MI?
troponin I
63
What bacteria is the botulinum toxin produced by?
clostridium botulinum
64
What does botulinum toxin do?
block NT release
65
What does organophosphate poisoning do?
inhibit action of acetylcholine esterase therefore Ach action at NMJ potentiated
66
What are the muscarinic symptoms of organophosphate poisoning?
``` Salivation Lacrimation (tears) Urination Defecation Gi cramping Emesis (vomiting) ```
67
What are the nicotinic symptoms of organophosphate poisoning?
``` Muscle cramps Tachycardia Weakness Twitching Fasciculations ```

semester 1 (45 decks)

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