Integrating Cell Into Tissues And Organs

Question 1

Where do cells of body originate from?

Answer 1

Epiblast

Question 2

Name 4 things that hold cells together

Answer 2

Cell-cell adhesion molecules
ECM proteins
Internal-external scaffolding
Close proximity/ pressure effects

Question 3

4 categories of body tissue

Answer 3

Epithelial
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nerve

Question 4

What stem cell is responsible for the production of connective tissue?

Answer 4

Mesenchymal stem cell

Question 5

Name the Components of connective tissue

Answer 5

Cells - fibroblasts etc
Fibres
Ground substance - GAGs

Question 6

Where is epithelial tissue found?

Answer 6

Line all cavities and free surfaces

Question 7

Functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 7

Barrier- protective

Question 8

What is the basal lamina?

Answer 8

Layer of connective tissue beneath the epithelial layer

Question 9

What tissue originates from the ectoderm?

Answer 9

Epidermis

Question 10

What tissue originates from the endoderm?

Answer 10

Mucosal membrane epithelial layers

Line cavities and free surfaces

Question 11

What time originates from the mesoderm?

Answer 11

Serous membranes, the inner lining of body compartments

Question 12

Name adherence systems found on the lateral surface.

Answer 12

Tight junctions 
Adhesion junctions 
Desmosomes 
Gap junctions 
Cell adhesion molecules

Question 13

What is paracellular transport?

Answer 13

In gut the tight junctions transiently open to allow small molecules to cross the underlying tissue

Question 14

Name adherence systems found on the basal surface.

Answer 14

Hemi desmosomes
Focal adhesions
Integrins

Question 15

Where is mucosal membrane found?

Answer 15

Lines moist hollow internal organs of the body

continuous with skin at mouth, anus and vagina

Question 16

What is a mucosal membrane made up of?

Answer 16

organ with all 4 tissues
epithelial layer
lamina propria ( connective tissue layer)
Smooth muscle layer
carries nerves. blood vessels and lymphatic system

Question 17

What are the main functions of mucosal membranes

Answer 17

stop pathogens and dirt
prevent dehydration
lubrication

Question 18

Name three examples of mucosal membranes in the body

Answer 18

urinary tract
respiratory tract
gastrointestinal tract

Question 19

Name the 5 layers of the mucosal membrane in the GI tact.

Answer 19

1. mucosa- epithelium and lamina propria
2. muscular mucosae- discontinuous SM
3. submucosa- connective tissue
4. muscularis externa- sm
5. Serosa- connective tissue

Question 20

in the muscularis externa in the GI tract what are the outer and inner smooth muscles?

Answer 20

inner = circular 
outer= longitudinal

Question 21

Name the main functions of the mucosal membrane in the GI tract.

Answer 21

1. absorb substances from the lumen
2. prevent ingress of pathogens
3. move contents and expel waste

Question 22

What is the urinary tract made up of?

Answer 22

kidneys
ureter
bladder
urethra

Question 23

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 23

nephron

Question 24

What structures does blood flow through in the kidney?

Answer 24

glomerulus 
primal tube 
loop of Henle
distal use 
collecting duct

Question 25

What type of epithelial is in the corpuscle ?

Answer 25

squamous epithelium

Question 26

What type of epithelium is in the collection duct?

Answer 26

cuboidal epithelium

Question 27

Where does the muscle layer of the mucosal membrane first appear in the urinary tract?

Answer 27

ureter/ bladder

Question 28

Name the layers in the mucosal membrane of the bladder.

Answer 28

transitional epithelium muscularis mucosae lamina propria Smooth muscle

Question 29

In the muscularis externa of the bladder what are the outer and inner smooth muscles

Answer 29

inner longitudinal | outer circular

Question 30

Name the main functions of the mucosal membrane in the urinary tract.

Answer 30

prevent ingress of pathogens prevent the leakage of toxic products transitional epithelium, fat etc allow distension of the blade as it fills

Question 31

What type of epithelium is in the urethra?

Answer 31

keratinised, squamous

Question 32

What are the two sections that make up the respiratory tract?

Answer 32

conducting airways | Respiratory airway

Question 33

what layers make up the mucosal membrane in the trachea and primary bronchi?

Answer 33

mucosa- cilia and goblet cells submucosa- connective tissue and submucosa glands C-shaped hyaline cartilage

Question 34

What are the two layers of the c-shaped hyaline cartilage in the trachea?

Answer 34

PERICHONDRIUM | CHRODRIGENIC

Question 35

What is the mucocilliary escalator?

Answer 35

secretion of epithelium and submucous glands moved towards oral cavity by cilia wave so that trapped pathogens etc can be swallowed and destroyed

Question 36

What is the cartilage like in the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

Answer 36

does not completely encircle lumen

Question 37

Name the layers of the alveoli

Answer 37

endothelium fused basal lamina- folded to allow expansion of air sacs thin epithelial layer

Question 38

What is a serous membrane?

Answer 38

As structures such as the heart, lungs etc develop they invaginate bag like cavities creating a serous membrane two part membrane which lines closed body caves and envelop viscera

Question 39

What is the outer edge of a serous membrane called?

Answer 39

parietal serosa

Question 40

What is the inner edge( closer to the organ) of the serous membrane called?

Answer 40

visceral serosa

Question 41

Name three examples of serous membranes.

Answer 41

peritoneum pleural sacs pericardial sac

Question 42

Name the 8 classifications of epithelial cell types, there shape andan example where each type can be found.

Answer 42

simple squamous- flat- line heart/ bv's and pleural sac simple cuboidal- square- thyroid follicles simple columnar- rectangle- CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN psuedostratified- rectangle, nuclei at different levels- upper respiratory tract stratified squamous (keratinised and non-keratinised)- flat- epidermis stratified cuboidal- polygonal- sweat glands stratified columnar- rectangle- portions of male urethra transitional- changes columnar to flat- bladder

Question 43

Explain the process of keratinisation

Answer 43

specialised epithelial cells called keratinocytes divide at basal layer and move to the surface becoming differentiated, they have no nuclei, cannot divide and are cornfield when they reach the surface called the stratum corneum.

Question 44

What is the normal transit time of a keratinocyte to the stratum corneum? What happens in psoriasis?

Answer 44

28-40 days. | transit time is greatly reduced resulting in an abundance of stratum corneum seen as silvery scales

Question 45

Name 6 cell surface specialisations

Answer 45

``` keratin cilia goblet cells Clara/club cells microfold cells stereo cilia ```

Question 46

What is the role of a keratin cell surface specialisation?

Answer 46

stop water loss | prevent abrasion

Question 47

What is the role of a cilia cell surface specialisation?

Answer 47

control micro environment of luminal contents

Question 48

What is the role of a goblet cells?

Answer 48

produce mucus to trap pathogens and moisten and lubricate

Question 49

What is the role of a club cells?

Answer 49

protect bronchioles | act as SC's for respiratory epithelium

Question 50

What is the role of a microfold cell surface specialisation?

Answer 50

SI only near to lymphatic nodule present material to immune system

Question 51

What is the role of stereocilia?

Answer 51

mechano-sensing organelles for balance and hearing in ear | possible role in absorbing excess residual sperm body

Question 52

Define acute bronchitis

Answer 52

inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles resulting in cough, excess mucus production and SOB for less than 3 months

Question 53

Define chronic bronchitis

Answer 53

inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles resulting in cough, excess mucus production and SOB with 2 episodes acting more than 2 months in a 2 year period

Question 54

Define emphysema

Answer 54

SOB due to permanent widening of the airspaces vital to the terminal bronchioles without fibrosis

Question 55

Define COPD.

Answer 55

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder | umbrella term

Question 56

Define asthma.

Answer 56

wheese/SOB/ tight chest and cough varying in intensity and overtime normally a trigger that makes it worse caused by bronchospasm, narrowing of conducting airways, obstruction and obstruction from mucus

Question 57

How long does cilia genesis take?

Answer 57

2-4 days

Question 58

What are the cell renewal rates of the trachea?

Answer 58

1-2 months

Question 59

What are the cell renewal rates of the alveoli?

Answer 59

8 days

Question 60

What are the cell renewal rates of the goblet cells?

Answer 60

10 days

Question 61

What are the cell renewal rates of the club/Clara cells?

Answer 61

do not regenerate