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semester 1 > nervous system body log > Flashcards

nervous system body log Flashcards

1
Q

what are the divisions of the ns

A

cns

pns

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2
Q

what are the divisions of the pns

A

cranial
spinal
peripheral

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3
Q

what are the divisions of the cns

A

brain

spinal cord

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4
Q

What neurons predominantly found in cns

A

relay/ interneurons

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5
Q

Where is grey matter found ?

A

peripheral in brain

central in sc

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6
Q

What does grey matter consist of?

A 
cell bodies predominantly 
dendrites 
axon terminals 
unmyelinated axons 
neuroglia
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7
Q

is the ventral horn anterior or posterior

A

anterior

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8
Q

is the dorsal horn anterior or posterior

A

posterior

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9
Q

what is the surrounding connective tissue of the spinal cord

A

pia mater

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10
Q

where is white matter found

A

central brain

peripheral spinal cord

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11
Q

what is white matter made from

A

myelinated material axons only no cell bodies

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12
Q

motor neurons connect…

A

cns to periphery

signal to effector

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13
Q

sensory neurons connect…

A

periphery to cns

send signals to integrative centres

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14
Q

integrative neurons are found in…

A

cns

they collate info

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15
Q

Give three example of integrative neurons

A

purkinje
pyramidal
interneurons

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16
Q

anaxonic neurons connect

A

retina to cns

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17
Q

multipolar neurons have..

A

1 axon

multiple dendrites

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18
Q

bipolar neurons have

A

1 axon and 1 dendrite

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19
Q

unipolar neurons have

A

single process leading away from cell body

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20
Q

anaxonic neurons have

A

any dendrites but no axon

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21
Q

Where the organelles found in nerves?

A

cell body apart from mitochondria

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22
Q

when is nt produce

A

empty vesicles move to synapse along microtubules and synthesis nt
enyzyme required in membrane

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23
Q

what proteins are key in anterograde transport, what does it transport?

A

kinesin

empty vesicle and mitochondria

24
Q

what proteins key in reterograde transport, what does it transport

A

dynesin and actin (dynactin)

empty vesicles back to soma

25
Q

What happens to vesicles after nt release

A

lost to neurolemma

recycled through clathrin mediated endocytosis

26
Q

what is a axosomatic synapse

A

synapse to cell body

27
Q

what is a axondendritic synapse

A

axon terminal synapses with dendritic spine

28
Q

What is a dendro-dendritic synapse

A

dendrite to dendrite synapse

29
Q

what is an axo-axonal synapse

A

impinging dendritic/ axonal synapse

usually inhibits others inputs

30
Q

what is the endoneurium

A

loose connective tissue that surrounds a single nerve cell

31
Q

what is the perineurium

A

specialised connective tissue surrund cluster/fascicle of axons

32
Q

what is the epineurium

A

dense irregular connective tissue

in spaces between fascicles separates different types of nerves

33
Q

what is the fascia that separates nerves from surrounding tissue called?

A

paraneurium

34
Q

what are nissl bodies

A

rer in nerves

35
Q

what conduction does myelination allow

A

saltatory conduction

36
Q

what two factor influence speed of signal conduction

A

diameter of neuron (increased internodal distance)

myelination

37
Q

Explain the process of myelination for myelinated axon

A

axon sits in groove surrounded by schwann cell
mesaxon membrane initiates myelination by surrounding embedded axon
sheet like extension from mesaxon wraps successively around axon
layer produced
cytoplasm extruded from two opposing plasma membranes of the schwann cell
compaction

38
Q

what is an oligodendrocyte

A

produce myelin in the cns

39
Q

what is the main difference between the oligodendrocyte and the schwann cell

A

can wrap more than 1 axon simultaneously

40
Q

what do schwann cells do in unmyelinated axons

A

individual axons engulfed by cytoplasm of schwann cell
no layers/wrapping
one schwann cell wraps multiple axons

41
Q

what are astrocytes

A

star like structure with perinural feet
biochemical support of endothelial cells
transport of nutrient
regulate nerve impulses via release of glutamate

42
Q

what are microglial cells

A

large elongated nucleus
few processes from cell body
resident macrophage

43
Q

name supporting cells of the cns

A

ependymal
microglial
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes

44
Q

what is the possible role of microglial cells in alzheimers

A

digestion of neurofibrillary tangles

45
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

line sc just posterior to ventral fissues and brian ventricles
look like columnar epithelial cells
synthesis and secrete csf
microvilli and ciliamove and absorb pathogens from csf
joined by junctional complexes

46
Q

what causes multiple sclerosis? what virus is there a possible link to?

A

autoimmune degradation of the myelin affecting nerve signalling
linke to epstein barr virus
remitting and relapsing

47
Q

What is meant by spinal segmentation

A

dermatome and myotome for each spinal nerve

48
Q

where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic ns

A

CNS- Lateral horn T1-L2

49
Q

Where are the pre ganglionic cell bodies of the parasympthetic ns

A

s2-s4 region homologous to lateral horn and brain stem specialised region

50
Q

where are the post ganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic chain

51
Q

where are the post ganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system

A

often wall of organ

52
Q

In the sympathetic system what does the grey ranus communicans contains?

A

unmyelinated neurons

53
Q

In the sympathetic system what does the white ranus communicans contains?

A

myelinated axons

54
Q

Name the ways the sympathetic ns can distribute in sympathetic chain

A

ascend
descend
traverse
synapse at same level

55
Q

where are sensory fibers found in symathetic ns

A

connect abdominal viscera to cns to allow detection of pain

56
Q

what nerve is responsible for input to thoracic and abdominal viscera in the parasympathetic ns

A

vagus nerve / cranial nerve 10

57
Q

what are the 4 specialised parasympathetic ganglia

A

ciliary - oculomotor to eye
pteroyopalatine - facial nerve to lacrimal gland
submandibular facial nerve to sub mandibular and sublingula glands
otic - glossopharyngeal nerve to partid gland

semester 1 (45 decks)

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