Lymphatic system

Question 1

What is lymph

Answer 1

thin fluid that resembles plasma

Question 2

what is lymph from GI tract called?

Answer 2

chyle

Question 3

How many litres of lymph is produced a day

Answer 3

3-4

Question 4

Describe the structure of lymphatic vessels

Answer 4

not open ended have endothelial cells at end

valves between endothelial cells- allows flow to be unidirectional

Question 5

What forces valves in lymph vessels to open?

Answer 5

oncotic pressure

Question 6

Explain lymph flow dynamics

Answer 6

valves- unidirectional flow
oncotic pressure forces valves open
muscle contraction aids lymph movement
some larger lymph vessels have SM in walls
adjacent to cv vessels compress lymph vessel propelling lymph

Question 7

where is the lymphatic system not found

Answer 7

brain

Question 8

what is the functional unit of a lymph vessel called

Answer 8

lymphagion

Question 9

what sort of valves are present in lymphatic trunks or ducts

Answer 9

fibrocartilaginous valves

Question 10

what trunk/duct does chyle drain into

Answer 10

cisterna chyli

Question 11

where does lymph from upper R quadrant flow

Answer 11

right subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

Question 12

where does lymph from everywhere but the R quadrant flow to

Answer 12

left subclavian vein and internal jugular vein

Question 13

what is the role of lymph nodes

Answer 13

filter lymph on way to vascular system

Question 14

what are lymph nodes in neck called

Answer 14

cervical

Question 15

what are lymph nodes in groin called

Answer 15

inguinal

Question 16

what are lymph nodes in the armpit called

Answer 16

axillae

Question 17

Describe lymph nodes

Answer 17

kidney shape
several afferent lymphatic vessels on convex surface
single efferent vessel on concave surface ( hilium)
also feeding artery and draining vein that enter and leave by hilium
contain follicles ( germinal centres) with immune cells
reticulin fibers
capsule is made from collagen I and III

Question 18

what are enlarged lymph nodes called

Answer 18

lymphadenopathy

Question 19

what is cancer in lymph nodes called

Answer 19

lymphoma

hodgkins and non hodgkins

Question 20

Name 6 lymphatic organs

Answer 20

thymus 
spleen 
tonsils 
vermiform appendix 
payer patches

Question 21

Where is the thymus? what is its role?

Answer 21

superior mediastinum
similar to lymph node but no hilium
T cell maturation

Question 22

Where is the spleen? what is its function?

Answer 22

inferior diaphragm
posterior stomach
red and white pulp
filter blood

white pulp–> immune function–>apc/ activate b/ t cells/ remove macromolecular antigens from blood
red pulp –> haemopoeitic function –> remove old erythrocytes

Question 23

Where are the tonsils? What are their function?

Answer 23

oropharynx / nasal pharynx
nodules inferior to surface crypts
prevent pathogen ingress through nasal/ orally/aurally
surface Microfold cells that are APC s
swelling results form t and b cell proliferation

Question 24

Where is the vermiform appendix? what is it role?

Answer 24

inferior to and attached to caecum (ascending colon)
nodules inferior to crypts like tonsiles
Microfold cells on surface

Question 25

what are payer's patches

Answer 25

inferior to and attached to ileum nodules inferior to crypts again m fold cells on surface prevent pathogen ingress through digestion

Question 26

what are the main functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 26

fluid balance transport fats and fat soluble vits (chyle) defence against pathogens storage and destruction of erythrocytes

Question 27

how can sentinel lymph nodes be used to look for cancer spread?

Answer 27

``` first ones to swell methylblue fluoroglucose injected probe identify metabolically active tissue identify metastatic tissue ```

Question 28

Name causes of primary lymphodema

Answer 28

``` congential (milroy's disease) - FLT4 gene mutation--> missing endothelial cells in vessel wall before 2 Praecox (Meige diease) - 2-36 yr unknown cause TARDA- over 35 unknown cause ```

Question 29

Name causes of secondary lymphodema

Answer 29

``` neoplasia surgery radiotherapy autoimmune infection ```

Question 30

main treatment for lymphodema?

Answer 30

lympha press