Flashcards in Glucose Control and Diabetes (week 4) Deck (55):
1
mellitus
honey
2
insipidus
invisible; nothing to it
3
where are islets of langerhans found
pancreas
4
fxn of islets of langerhans
regulate metabolism of fat, carbohydrate, and protein by release of hormones
5
what kind of organ is the pancreas
exocrine and endocrine
6
islets of langerhans innervated by
autonomics
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islets of langerhans composed of
alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
F cells
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islets of langerhans alpha cells location
located at periphery of islets
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islets of langerhans alpha cells secrete
glucagon
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catecholamines and corticosteroids (increase/decrease) glucagon output
increase
11
what does glucagon do
promotes release of glucose
12
secretion of glucagon controlled by
blood glucose levels
insulin levels
autonomic input
13
sypathetic tone (increses/decreases) glucagon output
increases
14
parasympathetic tone (increases/decreases) glucagon output
decreases
15
if blood glucose drops, what is stimulated
glucagon output increases
16
hyperglycemic agent
will cause elevation in blood glucose
17
what does insulin do to glucagon output
suppresses it
18
normal range of blood glucose
80-120 mg/dL
19
hypoglycemic agent
decreases blood glucose
20
islets of langerhans beta cells location
middle of islets
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islets of langerhans beta cells secrete
insulin
22
insulin release controlled by
blood glucose
glucagon
GI hormones
autonomics
23
what does insulin promote
storage of glucose
24
what forms can glucose be stored as
glycogen
amino acid
fat
25
islets of langerhans delta cells location
periphery of islets
26
islets of langerhans delta cells release
gastrin
somatostatin
(both are GI hormones)
27
islets of langerhans delta cells play a role in release of
glucagon
insulin
& balance between these 2 chemicals
28
only certainties of islets of langerhans F cells
release pancreatic polypeptide
found in pancreatic islet
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what stimulates release of insulin
elevation of blood glucose
elevation of blood amino acids
GI hormones
parasympathetic stimulation to beta cells
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what inhibits release of insulin
decreasing blood glucose
increasing levels of blood insulin
parasympathetic stimulation to alpha cells
increased glucagon output
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general effects of insulin
facilitates uptake of glucose into cells
promotes synthesis of proteins, carboydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
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insulin action at liver produces
increases glucose uptake
promotes synthesis of glycogen and fatty acids
decreases gluconeogenesis
decreases glycogenolysis
decreases ketogenesis (by inhibiting breaking down of fat)
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insulin action at muscle produces
facilitation of production of carbohydrates
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insulin action at adipose tissue produces
facilitation of production of lipid
35
gluconeogenesis
making new glucose
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ketogenesis
making ketone bodies by breaking down of fat
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insulin effects on muscle
promotes uptake of glucose and amino acids
increases glycogen synthesis
increases protein synthesis
decreases proteolysis
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what do glucocorticoids do to muscle
decrease utilzation of glucose by muscle
decrease numbers of insulin receptors on muscle
39
insulin's effects on adipose tissue
promotes glucose uptake
stimulates fatty acid synthesis
decreases lipolysis (causes decrease in ketone bodies)
40
glucose intolerance
inability to control blood glucose within range of normal during various perturbations (80-120 mg/dL)
41
diagnostic criteria for diabetes
-more than 1 fasting plasma glucose level greater than 126 mg/dL
-oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL in a 2 hr sample
-glucose level of 200 mg/dL at anytime of day combined with polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria
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polydipsia
excessive thirst
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polyphagia
excessive appetite
44
polyuria
excessive urine output
45
impaired glucose tolerance (pre-diabetic)
-higher than normal blood glucose levels but lower than those considered to indicate DM
-increased risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease
46
is it possible to recover from impaired glucose tolerance
yes, with lifestyle changes (diet and exercise), a person can be put back into normal range
47
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
absolute insulin deficiency
due to genetic/environmental interaction
peaks at age 12
insulin dependent
48
what happens to beta cells in Type I DM
beta cells get destroyed and therefore do not produce insulin
49
subtypes of Type I DM
immune
nonimmune
50
immune subtype of Type I DM
cell mediated destruction of beta cells
51
nonimmune subtype of Type I DM
presence of genetic defect in beta cells (unusual)
52
what happens to you in type I DM
hyperglycemia
unexplained weight loss
ketoacidosis
53
hyperglycemia leads to
osmotic diuresis
polyuria
thirst
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explanation for unexplained weight loss in type I DM
protein and fat are broken down for fuel due to unavailability of glucose
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