Glucose Control and Diabetes (week 4)

Question 1

mellitus

Answer 1

honey

Question 2

insipidus

Answer 2

invisible; nothing to it

Question 3

where are islets of langerhans found

Answer 3

pancreas

Question 4

fxn of islets of langerhans

Answer 4

regulate metabolism of fat, carbohydrate, and protein by release of hormones

Question 5

what kind of organ is the pancreas

Answer 5

exocrine and endocrine

Question 6

islets of langerhans innervated by

Answer 6

autonomics

Question 7

islets of langerhans composed of

Answer 7

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells
F cells

Question 8

islets of langerhans alpha cells location

Answer 8

located at periphery of islets

Question 9

islets of langerhans alpha cells secrete

Answer 9

glucagon

Question 10

catecholamines and corticosteroids (increase/decrease) glucagon output

Answer 10

increase

Question 11

what does glucagon do

Answer 11

promotes release of glucose

Question 12

secretion of glucagon controlled by

Answer 12

blood glucose levels
insulin levels
autonomic input

Question 13

sypathetic tone (increses/decreases) glucagon output

Answer 13

increases

Question 14

parasympathetic tone (increases/decreases) glucagon output

Answer 14

decreases

Question 15

if blood glucose drops, what is stimulated

Answer 15

glucagon output increases

Question 16

hyperglycemic agent

Answer 16

will cause elevation in blood glucose

Question 17

what does insulin do to glucagon output

Answer 17

suppresses it

Question 18

normal range of blood glucose

Answer 18

80-120 mg/dL

Question 19

hypoglycemic agent

Answer 19

decreases blood glucose

Question 20

islets of langerhans beta cells location

Answer 20

middle of islets

Question 21

islets of langerhans beta cells secrete

Answer 21

insulin

Question 22

insulin release controlled by

Answer 22

blood glucose
glucagon
GI hormones
autonomics

Question 23

what does insulin promote

Answer 23

storage of glucose

Question 24

what forms can glucose be stored as

Answer 24

glycogen
amino acid
fat

Question 25

islets of langerhans delta cells location

Answer 25

periphery of islets

Question 26

islets of langerhans delta cells release

Answer 26

gastrin somatostatin (both are GI hormones)

Question 27

islets of langerhans delta cells play a role in release of

Answer 27

glucagon insulin & balance between these 2 chemicals

Question 28

only certainties of islets of langerhans F cells

Answer 28

release pancreatic polypeptide | found in pancreatic islet

Question 29

what stimulates release of insulin

Answer 29

elevation of blood glucose elevation of blood amino acids GI hormones parasympathetic stimulation to beta cells

Question 30

what inhibits release of insulin

Answer 30

decreasing blood glucose increasing levels of blood insulin parasympathetic stimulation to alpha cells increased glucagon output

Question 31

general effects of insulin

Answer 31

facilitates uptake of glucose into cells | promotes synthesis of proteins, carboydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Question 32

insulin action at liver produces

Answer 32

increases glucose uptake promotes synthesis of glycogen and fatty acids decreases gluconeogenesis decreases glycogenolysis decreases ketogenesis (by inhibiting breaking down of fat)

Question 33

insulin action at muscle produces

Answer 33

facilitation of production of carbohydrates

Question 34

insulin action at adipose tissue produces

Answer 34

facilitation of production of lipid

Question 35

gluconeogenesis

Answer 35

making new glucose

Question 36

ketogenesis

Answer 36

making ketone bodies by breaking down of fat

Question 37

insulin effects on muscle

Answer 37

promotes uptake of glucose and amino acids increases glycogen synthesis increases protein synthesis decreases proteolysis

Question 38

what do glucocorticoids do to muscle

Answer 38

decrease utilzation of glucose by muscle | decrease numbers of insulin receptors on muscle

Question 39

insulin's effects on adipose tissue

Answer 39

promotes glucose uptake stimulates fatty acid synthesis decreases lipolysis (causes decrease in ketone bodies)

Question 40

glucose intolerance

Answer 40

inability to control blood glucose within range of normal during various perturbations (80-120 mg/dL)

Question 41

diagnostic criteria for diabetes

Answer 41

- more than 1 fasting plasma glucose level greater than 126 mg/dL - oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose level greater than 200 mg/dL in a 2 hr sample - glucose level of 200 mg/dL at anytime of day combined with polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria

Question 42

polydipsia

Answer 42

excessive thirst

Question 43

polyphagia

Answer 43

excessive appetite

Question 44

polyuria

Answer 44

excessive urine output

Question 45

impaired glucose tolerance (pre-diabetic)

Answer 45

- higher than normal blood glucose levels but lower than those considered to indicate DM - increased risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease

Question 46

is it possible to recover from impaired glucose tolerance

Answer 46

yes, with lifestyle changes (diet and exercise), a person can be put back into normal range

Question 47

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 47

absolute insulin deficiency due to genetic/environmental interaction peaks at age 12 insulin dependent

Question 48

what happens to beta cells in Type I DM

Answer 48

beta cells get destroyed and therefore do not produce insulin

Question 49

subtypes of Type I DM

Answer 49

immune | nonimmune

Question 50

immune subtype of Type I DM

Answer 50

cell mediated destruction of beta cells

Question 51

nonimmune subtype of Type I DM

Answer 51

presence of genetic defect in beta cells (unusual)

Question 52

what happens to you in type I DM

Answer 52

hyperglycemia unexplained weight loss ketoacidosis

Question 53

hyperglycemia leads to

Answer 53

osmotic diuresis polyuria thirst

Question 54

explanation for unexplained weight loss in type I DM

Answer 54

protein and fat are broken down for fuel due to unavailability of glucose

Question 55

ketoacidosis results from

Answer 55

excessive fat breakdown