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Biology > Heart, blood, vessels > Flashcards

Heart, blood, vessels Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need a circulatory system but amoeba don’t?

A

we are multicellular - every cell requires oxygen and glucose

carbon dioxide must be removed

big diffusion distance to the outside from the inside of our body

amoeba can diffuse as it has a small diffusion distance, doesn’t need a system to bring oxygen to the cell

we need a circulatory system to carry oxygen and glucose around the body

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2
Q

what are the components of the circulatory system and their functions?

A

heart = pump

blood vessels = transport route

blood = transport medium

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3
Q

when given a diagram of the heart and talking about the left and right side, which side is which?

A

make the diagram your heart

i.e. your left is the left side, your right is the right side

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4
Q

what is the biggest artery in the body?

A

aorta

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5
Q

what is the biggest vein in the body?

A

vena cava

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6
Q

what is the plural of atrium?

A

atria

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7
Q

Label this structure of a heart

A
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8
Q

Label this coronary artery

A
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9
Q

What are the two circulations in the double circulatory system

A

pulmonary circulation

systematic circulation

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10
Q

what does pulmonary circulation do?

A

pulmanory circulation: transports blood to and from the lungs to exchange O2 and CO2 with air

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11
Q

what does systematic circulation do?

A

systematic circulation: transports blood to and from body to exchange O2 and CO2 with body cells

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12
Q

put these in order starting with left atrium:

left atrium / vena cava / aorta / lungs / left ventricle / right atrium / pulmonary vein / right ventricle / pumonary artery /

A

left atrium –> left ventricle –> aorta –> vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary vein

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13
Q

what do valves do?

A

stop blood going backwards

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14
Q

what is heart rate?

A

beats per minute

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15
Q

what is the normalheart rate of a person at rest?

A

60

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16
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

volume of blood pumped per minute

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17
Q

how does exercise effect the heart rate?

A

muscles need more energy

rate of respiration increases

more oxygen and glucose needed

heart rate and force of beat (increases stroke volume) increases

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18
Q

what is the equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy

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19
Q

how does stress/ anger/ fear effect heart rate?

A

“fight or flight” response - adrenaline makes heart beat faster

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20
Q

Fill in this blood flow through the heart diagram

A
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21
Q

what does AV stand for when talking about the heart?

A

atrioventricular valves

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22
Q

describe the process of the control of heart rate

A

osmoreceptors in aorta sense CO2 levels

cardiac centre in medulla recieves information via sensory nerve

cardiac centre sends nerve impulses via accelerator or decelorator nerves

pacemaker reacts and increases (or decreases) heart rate and force of eart beat –> blood pressure increases (or decreases)

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23
Q

Label this control of heart rate diagram

A
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24
Q

what are the effects of adrenaline on heart rate

A

adrenaline released from the adrenal glands stimulates the pacemaker to increase heart rate

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25
Label this adrenaline and heart diagram
26
What happens when there is a blockage of the coronary artery?
bloosupply to area of hert muscle cut off less oxygen and glucose reaches heart muscle area of heart muscle cannot respire --\> heart attack (angina)
27
Label this coronary heart disease diagram
28
what are some risk factors of heart disease?
heredity (genetics) diet of processed foods high blood pressure smoking stress lack of exercise
29
what are the effects of smoking on diseases of the heart?
smoking high blood pressure high transfats/high carbohydrates these lead to damage arteries --\> plaque builds up to repair arteries --\> heart disease
30
name two blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
pulmonary artery aorta
31
what does hepatic mean?
of the liver
32
what does renal mean?
of the kidney
33
Label this blood circulation through the body diagram
34
# Fill in this types of blood vessels table **where** | (order = artery, vein , capilary)
**artery:** take oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body **vein:** brings deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body **capillary:** small vessels between arteries and veins for exchange of oxygen, CO2 and nutrients with cells (everywhere)
35
# Fill in this types of blood vessels table **blood pressure** | (order = artery, vein , capilary)
**artery:** high **vein:** low **capillary:** low
36
# Fill in this types of blood vessels table **blood** | (order = artery, vein , capilary)
**artery:** oxygenated, bright red vein: deoxygenated, deep purple-red **capilary:** red to purple red
37
# Fill in this types of blood vessels table **structure** | (order = artery, vein , capilary)
**artery:** thick, elastic muscular wall small lumen (diameter of artery) **vein:** thin wall with little elastic or muscle tissue large lumen **capilary:** thin wall (one layer of endothelial cells) very small lumes (RBCs travel single file)
38
# Fill in this types of blood vessels table **valves** | (order = artery, vein , capilary)
**artery:** no (exception - pulmonary artery and aorta) **vein:** yes **capilary:** no (too small)
39
# Fill in this types of blood vessels table **diameter** | (order = artery, vein , capilary)
**artery:** varies (2mm - 2cm) **vein:** varies (4mm - 2.5-3cm) **capilary:** 8µm-10µm
40
# Fill in this types of blood vessels table
41
Label this vein
42
what is a small/baby artery?
ateriole
43
what is urea?
a small, toxic molecule
44
what is a small/baby vein?
venule
45
Label this diagram of capillaries
46
why do veins have valves?
to stop backflow of blood because of low pressure
47
why are capillaries walls only 1 cell layer thick?
shorter diffusion distance
48
why do arteries have muscular walls?
to keep blood pressure high?
49
which one is the only artery that dosn't look bright red/
pulmonary artery
50
why is injuring an artery more dangerous than injuring a vein?
higher blood pressure in arteries - lose alot of blood (life threatening)
51
why is no body cell more than 0.05mm away from a capillary?
minimise diffusion distance
52
what colour is oxygenated blood in diagrams?
red
53
what colour is deoxygenated blood in diagrams?
blue
54
Label this blood supply in the womb diagram
55
what is the main function of the placenta?
to carry offspring oxygen supply and glucose, vitamine, minerals (top tip - nae the nutrients as shown above, sometimes just saying 'nutrients' doesn't count)
56
explain briefly how oxygen passs from the mother to the baby
oxygen diffuses from the mother's capillaries --\> intervillous space --\> diffuses into villi --\> moves into fetal viens blood is circulated between mother and baby is not shared
57
what functions does the placenta have?
hormone production - information to mother and baby, progesterone to stop menstruation during pregnancy development so the embryo may grow stops large molecules/ microbes (bacteria viruses) getting to fetus
58
why is it important that the mother's and fetus' blood supply doesn't mix?
the fetus, although not protected by harmful substance like microbes, is protected from infections from the mother and negative reactions from the mother's immune system (immune system doesn't attack baby)
59
why can it be harmful for the developing baby if the mother smokes
cigarretes contain carbon monoxide which causes reduced birth mass as the fetus gets less oxygen there is less oxygen in the mother's blood which is circulated between mother and baby small babies don't survive as well
60
label this composition of the blood diagram
61
what is plasma?
the liquid part of the blood
62
what is in plasma?
water (90%) glucose amino acids mineral ions CO2 urea proteins (e.g.) - antibodies, hormones, clotting factors carries heat around body
63
what are leukocytes (leucocytes)?
white blood cells (cellular component of blood)
64
how do leukocytes defend against disease?
phagocytes injest pathogens
65
what do lymphocytes in leukocytes do?
produce antibodies
66
what are platelets sometimes called?
thrombocytes
67
what are platelets involved in?
blood clotting
68
what do platelets produce?
fibrin
69
label this blood clot diagram (platelts)
70
HIgh levels of blood cholesterol can lead to narrowing of arteries. Suggest how this might affect the ability of the heart to function
less blood less glucose less (aerobic) respiration/more anaerobic respiration lactic acid increase in rate/heart works harder increase in pressure coronary artery angina clot death/heart disease/heart attack
71
# fill in the blanks: Antibiotic solution is given to the patient through a tube. The tube is connected to a vein in the arm of the patient using a needle. It is connected to a vein rather than an artery because veins have lower ...... than arteries. The antibiotic travels to the heart in the largest vein in the body called the ..... . It enters a chamber called the right atrium, and passes to the right ..... before being pumped to the lungs in the ...... artery. The antibiotic returns to the heart and eventually leaves the heart in the aorta, the largest ..... in the body. The antibiotic is then carried to the tissues where it leaves the smallest blood vessels called ..... . The antibiotic then kills pathogens called ...... that were responsibile for the patient being very ill.
Antibiotic solution is given to the patient through a tube. The tube is connected to a vein in the arm of the patient using a needle. It is connected to a vein rather than an artery because veins have lower **pressure** than arteries. The antibiotic travels to the heart in the largest vein in the body called the **vena cava**. It enters a chamber called the right atrium, and passes to the right **ventricle** before being pumped to the lungs in the **pulmonary** artery. The antibiotic returns to the heart and eventually leaves the heart in the aorta, the largest **artery** in the body. The antibiotic is then carried to the tissues where it leaves the smallest blood vessels called **capillaries**. The antibiotic then kills pathogens called **bacteria **that were responsibile for the patient being very ill.
72
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
73
What is the function of the haemoglobin in red blood cells?
transports oxygen
74
What is the function of not haveing a nuecleus in red blood cells?
more space for the haemoglobin
75
What is the function of the bioncave shape of red blood cells?
large SA/V ration short diffusion distance
76
What is the function of the thin membrane in red blood cells?
short diffusion distance
77
What are four diseases of the blood?
sickle cell anaemia iron deficiency anaemia haemophilia leukaemia
78
What are the symptoms of sickle cell anaemia?
red blood cells become sickle shape - useless at carrying oxygen tiredness sore joint pale eyelids, mouth and palms
79
What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia?
dizzy tiredness
80
What happens if you have haemophilia? Who can get haemophilia?
only boys can get haemophilia because it acts on the x chromosome so girls, who have two, are protected (very rare for a woman to get it) you don't have enough clotting factors so you don't stop bleeding
81
What is leukaemia?
lots of lymphocytes (white blood cells) which become cancerous

Biology (24 decks)

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