Humanistic Approach

Question 1

CONTEXT - When did this originate

Answer 1

1950s and 60s

Question 2

CONTEXT - why did it come out

Answer 2

born due to increased dissatisfaction w the dominant approaches at the time

Question 3

CONTEXT - Who were the three main people who had dissatisfaction w the approaches

Answer 3

ROGERS
MASLOW
KELLY

Question 4

CONTEXT - What were the dominant approaches at the time

Answer 4

Behaviourism and psychodynaic approach as they were both deterministic

Question 5

CONTEXT - explain how the two dominant approaches held negative views on human nature

Answer 5

BHV APP - viewed Humans as puppets controlled by the strings of the environment

PSYCH APP - emphasises conflicted person driven by unconscious insticts , we’re basically slaves to our basic primal desires

Which doesn’t paint a good pic of humans

Question 6

FREE WILL - what did the Humanistic Approach emphasise and why

Answer 6

Free will as up till now approaches were determinsitic q

Question 7

What does deterministic mean

Answer 7

behaviour entirley/partly shaped by forces which we have no control

all behaviour has a cause and is therefore predictable

Question 8

FREE WILL - how is the humanistic approach different in this respect

as in its not detemrinistic

Answer 8

says were all essentialy self determining & have free will

but doesn’t mean people aren’t affected by external and internal influences

but does mean we’re all ACTIVE AGENTS & have ability to determine our own development

Question 9

FREE WILL - so what does this mean humanistic psychologists do / reject

and what do they attempt

Answer 9

reject scentific models

and attempt to establish general principles of human behaviour

Question 10

FREE WILL - as active agents we are all

and what do humamistic psychologists say psychology should therefore concern

Answer 10

as active agents we all unique

with the study of subjective experience rather than to create general laws like the behaviourist approach

Question 11

FREE WILL - What is humanistic psychology all about

Answer 11

the person as an individual

and the subjective experience of the person as an individual

Question 12

FREE WILL - What is humanistic psychology referred to as

Answer 12

the person centred approach

Question 13

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - what was one of Maslows main interests

Answer 13

what motivates people

Question 14

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - what did he argue

Answer 14

human needs exist in a hierachy with basics at the bottom and higher order needs at the top

Question 15

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - when and why did Maslow develop the hierachy

Answer 15

1940-1950

as a way for emplyers to get best out of employees by understanding their needs

Question 16

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - state the order of the hierachy of needs, bottom to top

Answer 16

PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS - food water warmth

SAFETY NEEDS - security , protection , law

BELONGING AND LOVE NEEDS - family , affection , relationships

SELF ESTEEM NEEDS - achievement , status , responsibility

SELF ACTUALISATION - personal growth , fulfilment

Question 17

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - Where are the deficieny needs

Answer 17

the first four layers

Question 18

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - Explain what are the defiecieny needs

Answer 18

designed to reduce inadequaties

these needs like vitamins ; cant be healthy w/o them

long term deficieny can encourage mental health disorders

Question 19

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - what is the top level called

Answer 19

being need

Question 20

MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS - Why is the top level called a being need

Answer 20

the need for self actualisation is uniquley human

Question 21

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- what do human psychologists argue about self actualisation

Answer 21

Every person’s heading towards it

everyone has an innate tendancy to want to achieve full potential

and everyone can but in their own power to do so

Question 22

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What is key about climbing the hierachy

Answer 22

you need to satify the lower levels before you move upwards to the next and fulfill their potential

Question 23

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What do all human psychologists argue about personal growth

Answer 23

developing, changing as a person and becoming fulfilled is an essential part of what it means to be human - we all have an innate need and desire to do that

Question 24

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What will everyone not manage and why

Answer 24

self actualisation and fulfillment/reaching their potential

there are important psychological barriers that will prevent them

Question 25

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What can cause fluctuation between levels

Answer 25

negative experiences such as job loss or divorce

Question 26

THE SELF, CONGRUENCE & CONDITIONS OF WORTH - What did Rogers say about personal groeth to occur

Answer 26

for it to occur the individuals concept of self and their ideal self must be in congruence / broadly equivalent to

Question 27

SELF ACTUALISATION - MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS- What happens if the two selves aren't in congruence

Answer 27

person experiences state of incongruence and self actualisation won't be possible if the gap's too big growth can't occur as a the person's likely to experience negative feelings of self worth , and esteem resulting in esteem issues which means they then cant focus on achieving goals such as growing as a person and developing

Question 28

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - why did Rogers develop it (aka counselling therapy) 2 points

Answer 28

reduce gap between self- concept and the ideal self to help people cope with the struggles of everyday living.

Question 29

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What does Rogers claim about issues we face as adults

Answer 29

many issues we face as adults e.g low self esteem have roots in our childhood

Question 30

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What do many issues we face as adults come from

Answer 30

a lack of unconditional positive regard from parents / lack of unconditional love

Question 31

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What do some parents impose

Answer 31

conditions of worth - i'll only love you if , i'll be proud of you if

Question 32

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What does a parent that imposes (too many) conditions of worth do to their child

Answer 32

stores up a lot of psychological problems for their child in the future

Question 33

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - further explain what conditional love does to a child e.g dad wants him to be baseballer but child wants to just be normal

Answer 33

leads to an unpleasant state casued by how child wants to be for his dad & how he actually is , this is low congruence causing feeling of negative experiences of low self worth and self esteem resulting in esteem issues and so he then can't focus on achieveing his goals and developing as a person

Question 34

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What happens when a person recieves unconditional positive regard rather than conditions of worth

Answer 34

child likely to grow into a fully functioning person who trusts their own judgements more likely to be open to positive experiences live in the moment rather than stuck in the past/pre occupied with the future

Question 35

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - Define congruence

Answer 35

healthy sense of well being that's established when individual maintains a reasonable consistency between their ideal self & actual behaviour

Question 36

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - What can defence mechanisms do

Answer 36

stop self from growing and changin widen gulf between ideal self and true self LINK - to psychodynamic approach when its said defence mechanisms used in the longterm can be unhelpful/harmful

Question 37

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY - According to Rogers what does being an effective therapist in client centered therapy mean doing

Answer 37

having the role of providing *clients* with unconditional positive regard they failed to recieve as kids

Question 38

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) - why did Rogers refer to those in therapy as 'clients' rather than 'patients'

Answer 38

he saw individuals as the experts of their own conditions

Question 39

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) - What's immportant and different about counselling therapy

Answer 39

it's not directed by therapist (non directive) the client is just encouraged towards discovery of their own solutions within a theraupetic atmosphere that is warm supportive and non judgemental

Question 40

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) For rogers what should an effective therapist provide a client with

Answer 40

genuiness empathy UPR

Question 41

CLIENT CENTRED THERAPY(COUNSELLING THERAPY ) What is the aim of Rogerian Therapy

Answer 41

increase persons feelings of self worth reduce level of incongruence between the persons self concept and ideal self help the person become a more fully functioning perosn

Question 42

EVALUATING HUM APP - Counterargument - Strength | - not reductionist

Answer 42

rejects attempt to break up bhviour & experience into smaller concepts (reductionism Other approaches such as BHVRST explain human and animal learning in terms of simple stimulus response connections BIOs reduce behaviour to its basic psychological processes - they're reductionists but HuPsychs advocate holism(idea subj experience only understood by considering the whole person) THEREFORE APPROACH has > VALIDITY THAN OTHERS AS CONSIDERS HB WITHIN ITS REAL-WORLD CONTEXT

Question 43

EVALUATING HUM APP - Counterargument - But reductionist approaches more scientific

Answer 43

reductionisy approaches more scientific as teh ideal fo science is the experiment and experiments reduce behaviours to IV DV issue is Humanistic Psychology is unlike behaviourisim,there are realtivley few concepts that can be broken down to single variables& measured SO HUPSYCH IN GENERAL SHORT ON EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT ITS CLAIMS

Question 44

EVALUATING HUM APP - Strength - Positive Approach

Answer 44

it's optimistic Human psychologists praised for bringing the person back into psychology and promoting a positive image of the human condition Freud saw humans as prisoners of the past& claimed we existed smwhere beterrn 'common unhappiness' and absolute despair ' In contrast human psychologists see all as basically good and free to work towards achievement of their potential & in control of their lives SUGGESTING HUPSYCH OFFERES A REFRESHING & OPTIMISTIC ALTERNATIVE TO OTHER APPROACHES

Question 45

EVALUATING HUM APP - Limitation - Cultural Bias

Answer 45

culturally biased as not all cultures share assumption individual achievement brings fulfillment many ideas central to human psychology e.g individual freedom, personal growth are associated with countries that have more individualistic tendencies (UK&US) Countries with collectivist tendencies emphasise more the needs of the group and interdependence so in such countries , ideals of humanistic psychology(e.g self actualisation ) may not be as important as in others THEREFORE APPROACH DOESN'T APPLY UNIVERSALLY & IS THE PRODUCT OF THE CULTURAL CONTEXT IN WHICH WAS DEVELOPED