MEMORY: Long Term Memory

Question 1

What did Tulving realise (1)

Answer 1

the MSM view of LTM was too simplistic / inflexible

Question 2

Why was Tulving important

Answer 2

one of the first cog psychologists to realsie MSM too inflexible and simplistic

Question 3

What LT memory stores did Tulving propose

Answer 3

Episodic Memory
Procedural Memory
Semantic Memory

Question 4

What is Episodic Memory

Answer 4

refers to ability to recall events (Episodes) from our lives

Question 5

Episodic memory has been compared to

Answer 5

a dairy / daily record of our experiences

Question 6

Give examples of Episodic Memory

Answer 6

breakfast you ate this morning
gig went to last week
yday psychology class

Question 7

Episodic memories are described as …

Answer 7

complex

Question 8

First of all Episodic Memory is

hint post

Answer 8

time stamped

Question 9

Episodic memory is time stamped - what does this mean

Answer 9

you remeber when and what happened

Question 10

Episodic memory also stores info about how events relate

Answer 10

to each other in time

Question 11

secondly episodic memory will include several elemts such as

ppob

Answer 11

people
places
objects
behaviours

Question 12

episodic memory include several elements that are what

Answer 12

interwoven to produce a single memory

Question 13

Thirdly what effort must you make to recall episodic emmories

Answer 13

conscious effort

Question 14

Explain how you recall episodic memories conscioursly

Answer 14

you do it quickly but you’re aware youre searching for what happened in the event

Question 15

What is Semantic Memory

Answer 15

store that contains our shared knowledge of the world

Question 16

Semantic memory has been compared to an

Answer 16

encyclopedia and a dictionary

Question 17

semantic memory includes knowledge of things susch as

Answer 17

how to apply to uni
what an orange tastes like
meaning of words

Question 18

Out of all the diffeent types of knowledge which one is really ipmortant in semantic memory

Answer 18

meaning of words

Question 19

semantic memory contains your knowledge of an impressive amount of concepts such as

Answer 19

animals
love
frozen

Question 20

T/F semantic memories are time stamped

Answer 20

f

Question 21

Describe semantic knwoledge

Answer 21

knowlede is less personal and mroe about hte facts we all share

Question 22

Semantic Memory contains an immense amount of information that is constantly being …

Answer 22

added to

Question 23

Tulving said semantic memory is what than episodic memory

Answer 23

less vunerable to distortion and forgetting than episodic memory

Question 24

What is procedural memory

Answer 24

Memory for actions and skills

basically how we do things

Question 25

we can recall procedural memories wihtout

Answer 25

conscious awareness or much effort (eventually)

Question 26

Give an example of procedural memory

Answer 26

driving a car

Question 27

Our ability to drive a car becomes * through *

Answer 27

ability to do things in PM become automatic thorugh practices

Question 28

we change the geatr without/ do things in pm without

Answer 28

recalling how to do it

Question 29

we indicate left or right without

Answer 29

realising we've done so

Question 30

Procedural Memories are the sorts of skills we might find hard to

Answer 30

explain to someone else

Question 31

If you try and describe how to drive a car task becomes

Answer 31

more difficult

Question 32

Key points ab Clive Wearing

Answer 32

severe form of amnesia resulting from infection damaged hippocampo and associated areas before infection world class muscian , can still play piano and conduct a choir but cannot remener musical education can remener some aspects of his life but no others e.g knows got kids from earlier marriage but cant remeber names remebers 2nd wife greeting her happily each time they meet thinking he's not seen her in LT eventhough left room for a few mins

Question 33

Stregnth of LTM clinical evidence

Answer 33

Support from Clive Wearing and HM studies

Question 34

Explain S1 - support from clive wearing and HM

Answer 34

Episodic memory in both men severley impaired due to brain damage semantic memorires relativley unaffected as understood menaing of words - hm couldnt recall stroking a dog earlier but didnt need concept of dAWgY explained to him Procedural memory still in atct as both knew how to walk and speak and Clives still knew how to play piano therefore evidence supprots view there are differnt LTM stores - one can be damaged but the others are unaffected

Question 35

What os couinterpoint to S1 -

Answer 35

Major limtiation is they lack contorl variables

Question 36

explain COUNTERPOINT TO S1

Answer 36

A;though studying people with brain injuries can help researchers understand how memory is supposed to work but brain injuries unexpected so researcher has no way of controlling what happened to the pt before or during the injury researcher has no knowledge of indis memory before damage w/o ,difficult to judge exactly how mcuh worse it is afterwards THEREFORE lack of control limits what clinical studies can tell us about diff types of LTM

Question 37

strength 2

Answer 37

understanding types of LTM allows psychologists to help people with memory problems

Question 38

Explain S2 - how underunderstanding types of LTM allows psychologists to help people with memory problems

Answer 38

as peaoplen age = memory loss research shown this specific to EM - harder to recall memories of personal events occuring relativley recently but past EM intact Belleville bale to come up with intervention to improve EM in older people trained pt performed better on test of EM after training than a control group shows distinguishing between types of LTM allows specific treatments to be developed

Question 39

Limtiation 2 of LTM

Answer 39

Conflicting research findings into linking the types of LTM to areas of the brain

Question 40

Exoplain L2

Answer 40

Researchers (BUCKNER AND PETERSEN) looked at evi regarding location of SM/EM concluded SM left side of PFC and EM on right But other researchers link PFC with encoding of EM and right PFC with the with episodic retrieval this challenges neurophysical evidence to support diff types of LTM as poor agreement on where each type may be locateds