Inhibitory AA, Purines, Opioids and others

Question 1

What are the inhibitory AA?

Answer 1

GABA and Glycine

Question 2

GABA levels increase from where to where?

Answer 2

Going from the spinal cord up the brain

Question 3

Glycine levels decrease from where to where?

Answer 3

Going from the spinal cord up the brain

Question 4

What does glycine mediate?

Answer 4

Spinal inhibition

Question 5

What is GABA essential for?

Answer 5

Consciousness, motor control and vision

Question 6

What is an ionotropic receptor for GABA and what ion is allowed in?

Answer 6

GABA(A) - Chloride ion comes in

Question 7

What is a metabotropic receptor for GABA and what is the end result?

Answer 7

GABA(B) - inhibits a calcium channel

Question 8

How could GABA(A) be used for anesthetics?

Answer 8

It has many extra-synaptic ionotropic receptors

Question 9

What type of receptor does Glycine have and what is allowed in?

Answer 9

ionotropic - chloride comes in

Question 10

What can modulate and increase the effects of GABA and Glycine receptors?

Answer 10

Benzodiazopene, ethanol, steroids - GABA

Ethanol and anesthetics - Glycine

Question 11

What can block the Glycine receptor?

Answer 11

Strychnine

Question 12

What limits the actions of GABA and Glycine?

Answer 12

GAT1 (on pre-synaptic = reuptake) and GAT2 (on astrocytes - converts to glutamine)

Question 13

What are the purines?

Answer 13

ATP, ADP, Adenosine

Question 14

Where are the purines located?

Answer 14

Everywhere

Question 15

Describe how the purines are made

Answer 15

Mitochondria makes ATP and puts into vesicles using VNUT

Once vesicles are released in the synaptic cleft, ATP - > ADP - > Adenosine

Question 16

Functions of purines?

Answer 16

Learning, memory, locomotor pathways

Question 17

What are the 2 types of purine receptors?

Answer 17

P1 and P2

Question 18

Ligand for P1?

Answer 18

Adenosine

Question 19

Types of P2 receptors and their ligands

Answer 19

P2X - ATP

P2Y - ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP

Question 20

What are the opioids?

Answer 20

Endorphins, enkaphalins, dynorphins, nociceptin

Question 21

Where are opioids located?

Answer 21

Hypothalamus, basal ganglia

Question 22

What are the functions of opioids?

Answer 22

Mood and modification of nociceptive input

Question 23

Precursor for endorphin?

Answer 23

Proopiomelanocortinin

Question 24

Precursor for enkaphalin?

Answer 24

Pro-enkaphalin

Question 25

Precursor for dynorphin?

Answer 25

Pro-dynorphin

Question 26

Precursor for nociceptin?

Answer 26

Orphanin-FQ

Question 27

What type of receptors are there for opioids?

Answer 27

Metabotropic

Question 28

What are the 3 receptors for opioids?

Answer 28

Mu, Kappa, Delta

Question 29

Which opioid receptor leads to just analgesia when activated?

Answer 29

Delta

Question 30

Which opioid receptor leads to analgesia and dysphoria when activated?

Answer 30

Kappa

Question 31

Which opioid receptor leads to analgesia, euphoria, sedation, constipation and respiratory depression when activated?

Answer 31

Mu

Question 32

What are the endocannabinoids?

Answer 32

Anandamide and 2-AG (arachidonylglycerol)

Question 33

What are the endocannabinoids derived from?

Answer 33

Membrane lipids

Question 34

What are the functions of endocannabinoids?

Answer 34

Mood, motor performance, neuroprotection, nociception modification

Question 35

What are the receptors for endocannabinoids?

Answer 35

CB1 and CB2

Question 36

Where will you find CB1 endocannabinoid receptors and what do they do?

Answer 36

On the pre-synpatic terminals of EAA and GABA releasing synapses = they REDUCE their release!

Question 37

What will trigger CB2 endocannabinoid receptors?

Answer 37

Nerve injury

Question 38

How would you degrade endocannabinoids?

Answer 38

Hydrolysis or oxidation