Learning and Memory

Question 1

What is procedural memory?

Answer 1

Skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic

Question 2

What is another name for procedural memory?

Answer 2

Non-declarative memory or implicit memory

Question 3

What are the anatomical locations for procedural memory?

Answer 3

Cerebellum = motor skills

Nucleus accumbens = non-motor skills (habit)

Question 4

What is declarative memory?

Answer 4

Conscious recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences

Question 5

What is another name for declarative memory?

Answer 5

Explicit memory

Question 6

What are the 2 forms of declarative memory?

Answer 6

Episode and Semantic

Question 7

Episode memory?

Answer 7

Type of declarative memory

– deals with memory of events

Question 8

Semantic memory?

Answer 8

Type of declarative memory

– deals with memory of words, language and rules

Question 9

What is working memory?

Answer 9

Recalling a fact/memory for use - may be a subset of short term memory

Question 10

Production of memory and learning requires what?

Answer 10

Induction of neuronal and synaptic plasticity

Question 11

Alterations in the CNS based on use

• could be altered synaptic function
• could be changes in physical neuron structure

Answer 11

Plasticity

Question 12

What is post-tetanic potentiation?

Answer 12

Brief, high-frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron that produces an increase in NT release

Question 13

How long does a post-tetanic potentiation last?

Answer 13

About 60 seconds

Question 14

Describe how a post-tetanic potentiation occurs?

Answer 14

The action potential traveling down the axon opens sodium channels and due to the high-freq. discharge it opens more calcium channels than it can handle and causes more NT release

Question 15

What does post-tetanic potentiation do?

Answer 15

Increases probability of action potentials in post-synaptic cell due to its increase in NT release

Question 16

Where is post-tetanic potentiation occurring?

Answer 16

Pre-synaptic cell

Question 17

What is long-term potentiation?

Answer 17

Series of changes in pre and post-synaptic neurons that leads to an INCREASED response on the post-synaptic neuron

Question 18

How long does long-term potentiation last?

Answer 18

At least 30 mins to an hour

Question 19

Where is long-term potentiation occurring and what is coming in?

Answer 19

Post-synaptic cell has an increase in calcium

Question 20

Increased calcium in the post-synaptic cell during long-term potentiation causes what?

Answer 20

1. calmodulin to phosphorylate the AMPA receptor
2. calcineurin to produce nitric oxide
   ^^ main steps (some were left out)

Question 21

What does an increase in nitric oxide of a post-synaptic cell do?

Answer 21

NO goes back to the pre-synaptic cell and increases cGMP and NT RELEASE!

Question 22

What does phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor at a post-synaptic cell do?

Answer 22

Increase the sodium influx in response to an EAA = able to be more depolarized

Question 23

Long-term potentiation also increases _____ which results in physical changes of a neuron

Answer 23

CREB

Question 24

How can learning and formation of new memories be blocked?

Answer 24

By blocking protein synthesis

Question 25

What are the 4 steps to creating a declarative memory?

Answer 25

1. Encoding 2. Storage of info 3. Consolidation 4. Retrieval

Question 26

What is encoding?

Answer 26

Focus and attention on new information | - emotion and linking to previous memories is important

Question 27

The storage of info step in creating a declarative memory uses what type of memory?

Answer 27

Short-term memory

Question 28

What are the short-term memory anatomical substrates?

Answer 28

hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, prefrontal cortex

Question 29

Short-term memory also has interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala via ________

Answer 29

Nucleus basalis of meynert

Question 30

What is a target of alzheimers?

Answer 30

Nucleus basalis of meynert (short-term memory interconnection path)

Question 31

What is the short-term memory physiological substrate?

Answer 31

Long-term potentiation

Question 32

The consolidation step of creating a declarative memory requires taking a short-term memory to a long-term memory. What anatomical areas does this step require?

Answer 32

Hippocampus, temporal lobes and PAPEZ circuit

Question 33

What are the main components of the papez circuit?

Answer 33

Hippocampus Hypothalamus and mammillary bodies Anterior thalamus Cingulate cortex

Question 34

Why is the papez circuit important in the consolidation step of taking a short-term memory to a long-term memory?

Answer 34

The memory is repeatedly sent through the papez circuit, which sets up conditions required to induce long-term potentiation and neuronal plasticity -- makes new synapses stronger by continuing the loop

Question 35

Where are long-term memories stored?

Answer 35

Pieces are stored in the area of cortex that is related to that modality of the individual component (ex. visual info for a memory is stored in the visual cortex) -- MANY AREAS OF NEOCORTEX

Question 36

What is the retrieval step of creating a declarative memory?

Answer 36

Bringing it into working memory

Question 37

Where can a memory be modified or lost?

Answer 37

At the retrieval step

Question 38

Individual components of a memory are first sent to where for retrieval?

Answer 38

Parahippocampal region

Question 39

Once the individual components of a memory are first sent to the parahippocampal region, then where are they sent?

Answer 39

Hippocampus

Question 40

What does the hippocampus do for memory retrieval?

Answer 40

Reconstructs the memory

Question 41

Once the hippocampus reconstructs the memory, where does it send it?

Answer 41

Back to the parahippocampus

Question 42

Why is it important for the hippocampus to send the constructed memory back to the parahippocampal region?

Answer 42

It prolongs the life of the cortical trace of the memory

Question 43

From the parahippocampal region, what is the final destination of a reconstructed memory?

Answer 43

Cortex

Question 44

What are the 3 components to working memory?

Answer 44

Central executive Phonological loop Visuospatial loop

Question 45

Central executive

Answer 45

Fact I need

Question 46

Phonological loop

Answer 46

Words to describe

Question 47

Visuospatial loop

Answer 47

Visual memories

Question 48

For working memory, _____ and _____ are the inputs into the central executive

Answer 48

Phonological loop and visuospatial loop

Question 49

Where is the central executive?

Answer 49

Prefrontal cortex

Question 50

Where is the phonological loop?

Answer 50

Broca's and Wernicke's

Question 51

Where is the visuospatial loop?

Answer 51

Occipital cortex associated with vision

Question 52

For spatial memory, where is it stored?

Answer 52

Hippocampus

Question 53

Unlike normal memories, what type of information is stored in the hippocampus?

Answer 53

Detailed memory of space

Question 54

What type of cells are important in storing spatial memories in the hippocampus?

Answer 54

Place cells

Question 55

What type of cells are place cells

Answer 55

Pyramidal cells in CA1

Question 56

What serves as an anchor for the reconstruction of a memory?

Answer 56

The spatial map

Question 57

What are place cells?

Answer 57

Neurons that are active when at a specific place

Question 58

What are the inputs to the place cells?

Answer 58

Grid cells Head direction cells Border neurons

Question 59

What type of cells create a map of the place you are in, in a triangle or hexagonal shape?

Answer 59

Grid cells

Question 60

When do border neurons fire?

Answer 60

When near an edge or border (i.e. wall, etc)