Intro to Endocrine

Question 1

1 cell type sends hormones to itself or another cell of the same type

Answer 1

Autocrine

Question 2

1 cell type sends hormones to a different cell type

Answer 2

Paracrine

Question 3

1 cell type sends hormones into the blood stream to affect a different cell type

Answer 3

Endocrine

Question 4

A neuron releases hormones into the blood to affect a certain cell type

Answer 4

Neuroendocrine

Question 5

List the classical endocrine glands (9)

Answer 5

Hypothalamus
Anterior/Posterior pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal cortex/medulla
Pancreas
Placenta
Gonads

Question 6

Major hormones released by Hypothalamus

Answer 6

ADH, oxytocin, anything ending in “RH”

Question 7

Major hormones released by Anterior pituitary

Answer 7

ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, GH

Question 8

Major hormones released by Posterior pituitary

Answer 8

ADH, oxytocin

Question 9

Major hormones released by thyroid gland

Answer 9

T4, T3, Calcitonin

Question 10

Major hormones released by parathyroid gland

Answer 10

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 11

Major hormones released by adrenal medulla

Answer 11

NE and Epinephrine

Question 12

Major hormones released by adrenal cortex

Answer 12

Cortisol and Aldosterone

Question 13

Major hormones released by pancreas

Answer 13

Insulin and Glucagon

Question 14

Major hormones released by gonads

Answer 14

Testosterone and Estrogen

Question 15

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

Answer 15

Protein/peptide
Amines
Steroids

Question 16

What are protein/peptide hormones synthesized from and what are they stored in?

Answer 16

DNA and stored in vesicles

Question 17

What is the half life and clearance rate like for protein/peptide hormones?

Answer 17

Short half life and fast clearance rate

Question 18

What are the 2 types of amine hormones?

Answer 18

Catecholamines and Thyroid hormones

Question 19

What are amine hormones synthesized from?

Answer 19

Tyrosine

Question 20

What is the half life and clearance rate like for amine hormones?

Answer 20

Long half life and slow clearance

Question 21

What are steroid hormones derived from?

Answer 21

Cholesterol

Question 22

From short half life and fast clearance rate to long half life and slow clearance rate, rank the 3 hormone classes from fastest to slowest

Answer 22

PSA
proteins/peptides
Steroids
Amines

Question 23

What is positive feedback?

Answer 23

When a downstream hormone further stimulates the releasing organ to release more of the same hormone

Question 24

What is an example of positive feedback?

Answer 24

Estradiol stimulating the anterior pituitary to release more during female ovulation

Question 25

What is negative feedback?

Answer 25

When a downstream hormone inhibits the releasing organ to release less of the same hormone

Question 26

What is an example of negative feedback?

Answer 26

Testosterone inhibiting the signal to release more at the level of the anterior pituitary

Question 27

Endocrine axis for bones/organs/muscles

Answer 27

Hypothalamus | Anterior pituitary releases GH

Question 28

Endocrine axis for ovaries/testes

Answer 28

Hypothalamus | Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH to both

Question 29

Endocrine axis for adrenal cortex

Answer 29

Hypothalamus | Anterior pituitary releases ACTH

Question 30

Endocrine axis for thyroid gland

Answer 30

Hypothalamus | Anterior pituitary releases TSH

Question 31

Endocrine axis for kidneys

Answer 31

Hypothalamus | Posterior pituitary releases ADH

Question 32

Endocrine axis for breasts/uterus

Answer 32

Hypothalamus | Posterior pituitary releases oxytocin

Question 33

Describe 1st tier regulation

Answer 33

Regulating the hypothalamus: Light - eyes - LGN/Retinohypothalamic tract => Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) - SCN controls circadian rhythm at pineal gland to release melatonin and controls coordinated endocrine/metabolic and behavioral rhythms at the hypothalamic level

Question 34

What are 2 ways to change responsiveness of hormone receptors?

Answer 34

Changing number of receptors | Changing affinity of receptors for the hormone

Question 35

What is responsiveness of the target tissue expressed by?

Answer 35

Dose-response relationship

Question 36

What is the adenylyl cyclase mechanism?

Answer 36

Hormone binds and activates G protein G protein activates adenylyl cyclase to create cAMP cAMP activates protein kinase A

Question 37

What are some hormones that use the adenylyl cyclase mechanism?

Answer 37

ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH

Question 38

What is the phospholipase C mechanism?

Answer 38

Hormone binds and activates G protein G protein activates phospholipase C to create DAG/IP3 DAG/IP3 activate protein kinase C

Question 39

What are some hormones that use the phospholipase C mechanism?

Answer 39

Oxytocin, TRH, GnRH

Question 40

What is the steroid hormone mechanism?

Answer 40

Diffuse across cell membrane and bind intracellular receptors and then bind to DNA to activate/repress genes

Question 41

What is the Guanylyl Cylcase mechanism?

Answer 41

Guanylyl cyclase converts GTP to cGMP | cGMP activates cGMP kinases

Question 42

What is an example of the guanylyl cyclase mechanism?

Answer 42

NO relaxing smooth muscle

Question 43

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases directly phosphorylate targets when what is bound?

Answer 43

Insulin

Question 44

Tyrosine Kinase associated receptors are associated with proteins that have kinase ability when what is bound?

Answer 44

GH