EAA and Monoamines

Question 1

What are the excitatory amino acids?

Answer 1

Glutamate and Aspartate

Question 2

Main function of excitatory amino acids?

Answer 2

Excitatory actions all over the brain

Question 3

What is an ionotropic receptor?

Answer 3

A channel that once activated will allow ions through

Question 4

What is a metabotropic receptor (serpentine)?

Answer 4

A G protein coupled receptor

Question 5

What are the ionotropic receptors for EAA?

Answer 5

NMDA, AMPA, Kainate

Question 6

Which ionotropic receptor for EAA is voltage and ligand gated?

Answer 6

NMDA

Question 7

What is allowed into the post-synaptic cell from NMDA?

Answer 7

Calcium

Question 8

What is allowed into the post-synaptic cell from AMPA?

Answer 8

Sodium

Question 9

What is allowed into the post-synaptic cell from Kainate?

Answer 9

Sodium and small amounts of calcium

Question 10

What molecules are needed to either bind or leave the NMDA receptor in order to open it?

Answer 10

EAA (NMDA, glutamate, aspartate), GLYCINE, and then MAGNESIUM is required to leave and unblock!

Question 11

What does magnesium need in order to leave and unblock the NMDA receptor?

Answer 11

Cell depolarization

Question 12

How does a post-synaptic cell with an NMDA receptor get depolarized?

Answer 12

It will have either an AMPA or Kainate receptor activated allowing sodium to enter the cell and depolarize it

Question 13

What are the metabotropic receptors for EAA?

Answer 13

Group 1 = Gq = increases IP3 and DAG

Groups 2 and 3 = Gi = decreased CAMP

Question 14

How do you limit the amount of EAA that is available?

Answer 14

Nearby glial cell will uptake it along with ATP and convert it back to glutamine

Question 15

Describe how nitric oxide is created from an NMDA receptor opening?

Answer 15

Calcium enters and binds to calcineurin
Calcineurin activates nitric oxide synthase (NOS)
NOS takes arginine to NO and citruline

Question 16

Cons of nitric oxide?

Answer 16

Produces free radicals that kills neurons!

Question 17

What are the monoamines?

Answer 17

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

Question 18

What are the metabotropic receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Answer 18

alpha and beta adrenergic

Question 19

What is the process of making dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine?

Answer 19

Tyrosine (using tyrosine hydroxylase)
L Dopa
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

Question 20

How do you limit actions for epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine?

Answer 20

Reuptake and degradation by MAO or COMT

Question 21

How do you limit actions for histamine?

Answer 21

Reuptake and degradation by DAO or COMT

Question 22

What puts dopamine/epinephrine into vesicles?

Answer 22

VMAT 1 and VMAT 2

Question 23

What stops VMAT1 and VMAT2 from putting dopamine/epinephrine into vesicles?

Answer 23

Reserpine

Question 24

Where will you find norepinephrine?

Answer 24

Locus ceruleus

Question 25

Where will you find epinephrine?

Answer 25

Medulla

Question 26

Where are some places that dopamine is located?

Answer 26

Basal ganglia, limbic system, hypothalamus, cortex

Question 27

What are the metabotropic receptors for dopamine?

Answer 27

D1 and D5 = increase CAMP | D2, D3, D4 = decrease CAMP

Question 28

Where is serotonin located?

Answer 28

Brainstem raphe nuclei, hypothalamus and cerebellum

Question 29

What is serotonin made from?

Answer 29

Tryptophan

Question 30

What are the receptors for serotonin?

Answer 30

``` ionotropic = 5HT3 metabotropic = 5HT1, 2, 4, 5, 6, ```

Question 31

Where will you find the ionotropic serotonin receptor (5HT3)?

Answer 31

Area postrema

Question 32

What does the 5HT6 serotonin receptor do?

Answer 32

Anti-depressent effect

Question 33

Where is histamine located?

Answer 33

Tuberomammillary nucleus of hypothalamus

Question 34

What monoamines contribute to wakefulness?

Answer 34

Norepinephrine and histamine

Question 35

What is histamine derived from?

Answer 35

Histadine

Question 36

What are the metabotropic receptors for histadine?

Answer 36

H1, H2, H3