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Pharyngeal Apparatus Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the pharyngeal apparatus consist of?

A

Pharyngeal arches, grooves, pouches and membranes

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2
Q

Are the pharyngeal arches, grooves, pouches and membranes bilateral?

A

duh

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3
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches start to develop?

A

Early in the 4th week

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4
Q

What cell type migrates to form the pharyngeal arches?

A

NCC

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5
Q

What tissue types are within each arch?

A

Mesoderm and mesenchyme = middle
Ectoderm = external portion
Endoderm = internal portion

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6
Q

What does the endoderm in the arches do?

A

Regulates development of the arches

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7
Q

Describe the locations of the arches, grooves, membranes and pouches in relation to eachother

A

The arches make up the circular prominence and in between each arch is where you will find the grooves, pouches and membranes

  • The Pouches are internal
  • The grooves are external at the same level
  • The Membranes are in between a pouch and a groove
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8
Q

What forms the mesoderm in the pharyngeal arch?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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9
Q

What forms the mesenchyme in the pharyngeal arch?

A

NCC

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10
Q

What will the mesoderm in the pharyngeal arch become?

A

Musculature

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11
Q

What will the mesenchyme in the pharyngeal arch become?

A

Cartilage and bony elements, smooth muscle and dermis

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12
Q

What will the lateral plate mesoderm create?

A

Endothelium

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13
Q

What will the prechordal plate mesoderm create?

A

Extraocular muscles

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14
Q

What are the 4 elements that each pharyngeal arch consists of?

A

Cartilagenous rods
Muscular components
Cranial nerves
Arteries

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15
Q

What do the cartilagenous rods of an arch create?

A

Form skeletal elements

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16
Q

What do the muscular components of an arch create?

A

Form head and neck musculature

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17
Q

What do the cranial nerves of an arch create?

A

Form sensory and motor components

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18
Q

Cartilage of PA1

A

Meckel’s cartilage

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19
Q

What does the dorsal, ventral and perichondrium portions of meckel’s cartilage create?

A

Dorsal - malleus and incus (ear bones)
Ventral - primordium of mandible
Perichondrium - anterior ligament of malleus and the sphenomandibular ligament

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20
Q

Where does the actual bony mandible form?

A

Lateral to the meckel’s cartilage and then the cartilage disintegrates

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21
Q

Cartilage of PA2

A

Riechert’s cartilage

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22
Q

What does the dorsal, ventral and perichondrium portions of Riechert’s cartilage create?

A

Dorsal - stapes and styloid process of temporal bone
Ventral - ossifies to form lesser horn of hyoid bone
Perichondrium - stylohyoid ligament

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23
Q

What does cartilage of PA3 create?

A

Greater horn of hyoid bone

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24
Q

What does cartilage of PA4 create?

A

Laryngeal cartilages and epiglottis (NCC derived)

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25
What does cartilage of PA6 create?
Laryngeal cartilages
26
What forms the body of the hyoid bone?
Hypopharyngeal eminence
27
Where does most musculature originate from?
Paraxial mesoderm
28
What creates the extraocular muscles?
Prechordal plate mesoderm
29
What creates the tongue musculature?
Occipital myotomes
30
PA1 musculature
Muscles of mastication (temporalis, massater, medial and lateral pterygoids)
31
PA2 musculature
Muscles of facial expression and stapedius | occipitofrontalis, platysma, orbicularis oculi and oris, zygomaticus major and minor, buccinator
32
PA3 musculature
Stylopharyngeus
33
PA4 musculature
Cricothyroid and phayrngeal constrictors (superior, middle and inferior)
34
PA6 musculature
Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
35
What nerve supplies PA1?
Trigeminal -- V2 and V3 (sensory and motor)
36
What nerve supplies PA2?
Facial -- CN VII (motor)
37
What nerve supplies PA3?
Glossopharyngeal -- CN IX (motor)
38
What nerve supplies PA4 and PA6?
Vagus -- CN X
39
What nerves specifically supply PA4?
Superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal branches
40
What nerve specifically supplies PA6?
Recurrent laryngeal branches
41
What causes first arch syndromes?
Insufficient NCC migration during the 4th week of development
42
What are the first arch syndromes?
Treacher-collins syndrome and Pierre-Robin sequence
43
How is Treacher-Collins syndrome inherited?
Autosomal dominant
44
What mutation causes Treacher-Collins syndrome?
Mutation in TCOF1 gene that results in decreased TREACLE protein which results in increased apoptosis of NCC!!
45
Symptoms of Treacher-Collins syndrome?
Malar hypoplasia, downward slanting palpebral fissures, external, middle and internal ear deformations
46
How is Pierre-Robin sequence inherited?
De novo
47
Describe the Pierre-Robin sequence
Initial defect = small mandible (micrognathia) - Posterior displacement of tongue - Palate unable to fully close - BILATERAL CLEFT PALATE
48
What is the final result of Pierre-Robin sequence?
bilateral cleft palate (and probs micrognathia)
49
Where does the 1st groove/pouch lie?
Between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches
50
What does the 1st groove create?
External acoustic meatus
51
What does the 1st pouch create?
Tubotympanic recess - - tympanic cavity and mastoid antrum
52
What is created when the endoderm over the 1st pouch extends to the 1st groove?
Tympanic membrane is created
53
What does the 1st membrane contribute to?
Tympanic membrane
54
What happens to the grooves 2-4?
Overgrowth of the 2nd arch creates a cervical sinus that houses grooves 2-4; the cervical sinus is eventually filled with mesenchyme from PA2 and it will be obliterated along with grooves 2-4 = bye bye
55
What does the 2nd pouch create?
Tonsilar sinus, tonsilar epithelium, lymphoid nodules of palatine tonsils
56
What creates lymphoid nodules of palatine tonsils from the 2nd pouch?
Mesenchyme
57
What does the dorsal and ventral portion of the 3rd pouch create?
Dorsal -- inferior parathyroid gland | Ventral -- thymus
58
Where do the dorsal and ventral portions of the 3rd pouch go?
Migrate caudally
59
What does the dorsal portion of the 4th pouch create?
Superior parathyroid gland
60
What does the ultimobranchial body of the 4th pouch do?
Fuses with thyroid gland to create parafollicular cells
61
What are the branchial anomalies?
External and internal cervical sinus, cervical cysts, cervical fistula
62
Failure of 2nd groove and cervical sinus to obliterate and detected due to discharge of mucus
External cervical sinus
63
Persistence of 2nd pouch that opens into tonsilar sinus
Internal cervical sinus
64
Rememnants of cervical sinus and/or 2nd groove that includes slow growing, painless cysts in the neck below the mandible filled with fluid and cell debris
Cervical cysts
65
Persistence of parts of 2nd groove and pouch that creates a canal that opens into tonsilar sinus and external side of neck
Cervical fistula
66
What all does a cervical fistula pass through?
Subcutaneous neck tissue, platysma, carotid sheath and tonsilar sinus
67
When does the thyroid gland begin to develop?
24 days post fertilization
68
Where does the thyroid gland move?
Descends into neck as tongue grows, anteriorly to hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilages
69
What connects tongue to thyroid gland?
Thyroglossal duct - eventually disintegrates
70
Any thyroid tissue (functional) not in correct place
Ectopic thyroid tissue
71
Thyroid gland forms but does not descend
Sublingual thyroid gland
72
Can form in the tongue or neck, make sure it is not a functional thyroid gland (ectopic)
Thyroglossal duct cyst
73
Which lobe is more commonly absent with thyroid hemiagenesis?
Left lobe
74
What causes DiGeorge syndrome?
Breakdown of signaling from PA endoderm to NCC
75
What symptoms can DiGeorge syndrome cause?
Agenesis of thymus and parathyroid glands, congenital hypoparathyroidism, cardiac abnormalities and shortened upper lip and nasal clefts

Neuroendocrine (47 decks)

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