Brain Development

Question 1

At what week do the 3 primary vesicles of the brain start to develop?

Answer 1

3rd week

Question 2

What does the brain form from?

Answer 2

Neural tube

Question 3

At what week do the 3 primary vesicles divide into 5 secondary vesicles?

Answer 3

5th week

Question 4

Forebrain

Answer 4

Prosencephalon

Question 5

What does the prosencephalon split into?

Answer 5

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Question 6

What do the walls of the telencephalon create?

Answer 6

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 7

What does the cavity of the telencephaloncreate?

Answer 7

Lateral ventricles

Question 8

What do the walls of the diencephalon create?

Answer 8

Thalami, etc.

Question 9

What does the cavity of the diencephalon create?

Answer 9

3rd ventricle

Question 10

Midbrain

Answer 10

Mesencephalon

Question 11

What does the mesencephalon split into?

Answer 11

It does NOT split - stays as mesencephalon

Question 12

What do the walls of the mesencephalon create?

Answer 12

Midbrain

Question 13

What does the cavity of the mesencephalon create?

Answer 13

Aqueduct

Question 14

Hindbrain

Answer 14

Rhombencephalon

Question 15

What does the rhombencephalon split into?

Answer 15

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

Question 16

What do the walls of the metencephalon create?

Answer 16

Pons and cerebellum

Question 17

What does the cavity of the metencephalon create?

Answer 17

Upper part of 4th ventricle

Question 18

What do the walls of the myelencephalon create?

Answer 18

Medulla

Question 19

What does the cavity of the myelencephalon create?

Answer 19

Lower part of 4th ventricle

Question 20

What are the 3 brain flexures?

Answer 20

Midbrain, pontine, and cervical

Question 21

What brain flexure is located dorsally?

Answer 21

Pontine flexure

Question 22

What separates the spinal cord and the myelencephalon?

Answer 22

Cervical flexure

Question 23

What separates the metencephalon and myelencephalon?

Answer 23

Pontine flexure

Question 24

At the caudal end of the myelencephalon, what is formed?

Answer 24

Nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, pyramids

Question 25

What do pyramids consist of?

Answer 25

Corticospinal fibers

Question 26

Neuroblasts from alar plates that migrate more ventrally form what?

Answer 26

Olivary nuclei

Question 27

At the rostal end of the myelencephalon, what moves laterally?

Answer 27

Alar plates move lateral compared to basal plates = motor neurons are now medial!

Question 28

Pia mater + ependymal roof of 4th ventricle =

Answer 28

Tela choroidea

Question 29

When the tela choroidea proliferates and invests into 4th ventricle what is formed

Answer 29

Choroid plexus

Question 30

Job of choroid plexus?

Answer 30

Secrete CSF

Question 31

For mesencephalon, neuroblasts from alar plates migrate into tectum form what?

Answer 31

Superior and inferior colliculi

Question 32

For mesencephalon, neuroblasts from basal plates migrate and form what?

Answer 32

Tegmental nuclei

Question 33

What is included in tegmental nuclei?

Answer 33

Red nuclei, reticular nuclei, CN III and CN IV nuclei

Question 34

Fibers that grow from cerebral cortex form?

Answer 34

Cerebral peduncles (crus cerebri)

Question 35

3 swellings in the diencephalon?

Answer 35

Hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus

Question 36

If the thalamus develops into cavity (normal) but then fuses what is created?

Answer 36

Interthalamic adhesion

Question 37

What develops as a median outgrowth of root of diencephalon?

Answer 37

Pineal gland

Question 38

What are the 2 embryonic sources for the pituitary gland?

Answer 38

Hypophyseal diverticulum and Neurohypophyseal diverticulum

Question 39

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made from what

Answer 39

Oral ectoderm

Question 40

What posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made from what

Answer 40

Neuroectoderm

Question 41

Hypophyseal diverticulum

Answer 41

Upgrowth of oral ectoderm/roof of stomodeum

Question 42

Neurohypophyseal diverticulum

Answer 42

Downgrowth of diencephalon

Question 43

What bone develops underneath pituitary gland?

Answer 43

Sphenoid

Question 44

Mesenchyme trapped in longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres

Answer 44

Falx cerebri

Question 45

Corpus striatum

Answer 45

Separates and defines caudate and lentiform nuclei

Question 46

Incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres

Answer 46

Holoprosencephaly

Question 47

Group of nerve fibers interconnecting cerebral hemispheres

Answer 47

Cerebral commissures

Question 48

Largest commissure, extends from diencephalon to optic chiasm and other commissures from within this one

Answer 48

Lamina terminalis

Question 49

Interconnects temporal lobes of each hemisphere

Answer 49

Anterior commissure

Question 50

Interconnects hippocampi within each hemisphere

Answer 50

Hippocampal commissure

Question 51

Links hemispheres and will grow beyond lamina terminalis

Answer 51

Corpus callosum

Question 52

What does the remainder of the lamina terminalis become?

Answer 52

Septum pellucidum

Question 53

How are the cortical layers of the cerebral hemispheres laid down?

Answer 53

Deepest layers are the oldest; the new cells migrate through the deep layers to populate superficial layers

Question 54

Incomplete neuronal migration; infant appears normal but will later develop seizures, mental deficiency and spastic quadriplegia

Answer 54

Lissencephaly

Question 55

Common findings of the brain with lissencephaly

Answer 55

Smooth cerebral surface, agyria, pachygyria, neuronal heterotopia, enlarged ventricles and malformation of corpus callosum

Question 56

Calvaria and brain are small but face is normal size; reduction in brain growth

Answer 56

Microcephaly

Question 57

What can cause microcephaly?

Answer 57

Maternal alcohol abuse, ionizing radiation, infectious agents (zika virus and others), inherited