Neurophys. of Higher Cognition

Question 1

Cognition requires extensive interactions between ______ cells of ALL association areas of the neocortex

Answer 1

Pyramidal

Question 2

What are the functional components of cognition?

Answer 2

Language
Social cognition
Decision making
Executive functioning
Memory
Visuospatial perception

Question 3

Main steps to speaking?

Answer 3

Language conceptual system
Language mediational system
Language implementation system
Spoken language

Question 4

What step in the process to speaking, involves Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

Answer 4

Language implementation system

Question 5

What step in the process to speaking, involves the concepts that underly our language?

Answer 5

Language conceptual system

Question 6

Babies less than 6 months old are known as

Answer 6

Language universalists

Question 7

Babies less than 6 months old recognize?

Answer 7

ALL sounds that might be language as distinct sounds

Question 8

At what age to babies start to recognize the specific language sounds of their native language?

Answer 8

6-9 months

Question 9

Babies that are between 6-9 months old do what?

Answer 9

Drop the use of phenomes (sounds) that do NOT occur in their native language

Question 10

At what age do babies completely drop all use of unneeded phenomes and turn babbling into spoken language?

Answer 10

Around 1 year old

Question 11

1 year old babies do what?

Answer 11

Drop unneeded phenomes completely and begin to turn babbling into true spoken language

Question 12

A 2nd language learning during language acquisition phase activates what?

Answer 12

The SAME pathway used to learn the 1st language

Question 13

A 2nd language learning after language acquisition phase activates what?

Answer 13

An ADJACENT region of Broca’s area instead

Question 14

What are the components to social cognition?

Answer 14

Emotion comprehension (recognition) AND
Theory of mind

Question 15

The same circuits that produce our emotion are used to RECOGNIZE emotion in others

Answer 15

Mirror Neuron System

Question 16

Step 1 of emotion comprehension (recognition)

Answer 16

Perception of facial expressions requires that we identify faces as something special

Question 17

What areas of the brain are involved in step 1 of emotion comprehension, such as identifying faces as something special?

Answer 17

Superior temporal sulcus and Fusiform gyrus (face area)

Question 18

Step 2 of emotion comprehension (recognition)

Answer 18

Bring in the emotional component

Question 19

What areas of the brain are involved in step 2 of emotion comprehension, such as bringing in the emotional component?

Answer 19

Amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex

Question 20

What facial details cue us as to what emotion we are seeing in another person, and in what order?

Answer 20

1. Eyes
2. Nose
3. Mouth

Question 21

In order to recognize emotion in others, we methodically scan the “triangle” of facial features. What controls that gaze?

Answer 21

Amygdala

Question 22

Damage to the amygdala means what for emotion comprehension (recognition)

Answer 22

Person will spend very little time looking at the eyes of another and does NOT methodically scan their face

Question 23

What is the sequence for imitation of other people’s motions that is crucial to social cognitive skills?

Answer 23

Visual input
Identify motor actions
Identify goal of the action

Question 24

What areas in the brain are used for the sequence of imitation of other people’s motions?

Answer 24

Posterior sector of superior temporal sulcus
Posterior Mirror Neuron System
Anterior Mirror Neuron System

Question 25

Posterior sector of superior temporal sulcus

Answer 25

Provides visual input

Question 26

Posterior Mirror Neuron System

Answer 26

Identifies motor action

Question 27

Anterior Mirror Neuron System

Answer 27

Identifies goal of the action

Question 28

The circuit for imitating others interacts with limbic structures via?

Answer 28

Insula

Question 29

What is the sequence of the areas of the brain for perceiving prosody?

Answer 29

Primary auditory cortex Right posterior superior temporal sulcus Frontal cortex

Question 30

For perception of prosody, what does the primary auditory cortex do?

Answer 30

Basics of sound processing, including identifying pitch, loudness, etc.

Question 31

For perception of prosody, what does the right posterior superior temporal sulcus do?

Answer 31

Begins to piece together the MEANING of the identified sounds

Question 32

For perception of prosody, what does the frontal cortex do?

Answer 32

Determines the judgement of the emotional stimulus

Question 33

What is theory of mind?

Answer 33

The ability to understand the mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions) of others and to appreciate how they differ from our own

Question 34

What are the required areas for theory of mind?

Answer 34

Amygdala, medial temporal lobes and orbitofrontal areas

Question 35

What is required for theory of mind to exist?

Answer 35

Emotion comprehension

Question 36

Decisions in which the risks are explicit and known relies on what system?

Answer 36

Stimulus encoding system

Question 37

Components to the stimulus encoding system?

Answer 37

Orbitofrontal cortex Ventromedial prefrontal cortex Striatum

Question 38

What does the stimulus encoding system do?

Answer 38

Evaluates the evidence available in making the decision

Question 39

Decisions in which the risks are unknown relies on which systems?

Answer 39

Expected reward system and then the action selection system

Question 40

What does the expected reward system do?

Answer 40

Predicts expected rewards

Question 41

Components of the expected reward system?

Answer 41

Basal ganglia Amygdala Insular cortex Intraparietal cortex

Question 42

What does the action selection system do?

Answer 42

Learns and encodes subjective value of results and is involved in error detection

Question 43

Component of the action selection system?

Answer 43

Anterior cingulate cortex