what are the active ingredients in loveza
EPA and DHA
where do omega 3 fatty acids work
nuclear transcription factors
SREBP-1c and PPAR
what is lowered by omega 3 fatty acids?
triglycerides
how many mg/day of omega-3-fatty acids are need to have a therapeutic effect
250 mg/day
what is the recommended dose of plant stanols and sterols?
2g/ day
what is the recommended amount of fiber needed per day?
10-25 mg/day
when is combo therapy useful for dyslipidemia
- when resins cause increased TG
- when both LDL and TG are increased
- unacceptable response to a single agent
- patient also has decreased LDL
which is not a determinant of oxygen demand?
a. heart rate
b. contractility
c. blood flow
d. wall stress
c. blood flow
what does blood flow increase?
supply
arterial relaxation will result in:
- increased afterload
- decreased afterload
- increased preload
- decreased preload
- decreased preload
vascular tone of coronary arteries deals with what?
oxygen demand or oxygen supply
oxygen supply
relaxation of vascular smooth muscle occurs by:
a. increasing cGMP
b. decreasing cAMP
c. increasing calcium
a. increasing cGMP
what are the 4 mechanisms to relax smooth muscle
- increasing cGMP
- decrease intracellular calcium
- stabilize or prevent polarization
- increasing cAMP
what is the main cause of ischemic disease
coronary artery blockage
what does ischemia mean
decreased blood flow
what does hypoxia mean
decreased oxygen to tissues
how can someone get hypoxia without ischemia
anemia (no o2 carrying capacity)
what symptom is first caused by ischemia
angina pectoris (chest pain from lack of blood to heart)
what is often referred to in classic angina or chronic?
what leads to it?
normal ischemia
upon exertion or exercise (reproducible)
what type of angina is caused by plaque narrowing lumen of artery
stable angina
what type of angina is a life threatening situation from ruptured plaque in artery
unstable angina
what is present in lumen of artery during unstable angina, or acute coronary syndrome
platelet aggregation
thrombin formation
no troponin
what is difference in STEMI’s and different anginas in lab reports
STEMI’s have positive troponin levels
what is difference in STEMI and NSTEMI
STEMI = EKG shows ST interval disruption NSTEMI = no EKG change
what determines severity of myocardial necrosis do to ischemia
- where is it (LAD very dangerous)
- how long has it been there
- degree of collateral circulation (little vessels compensate)
what is the MOA of nitrates?
increase NO, activating guanalyl cyclase
what are the 3 drugs used for myocardial ischemia
- nitrates
- calcium channel blocker
- Beta blockers
nitrates effect what? O2 supply or O2 demand?
where does it work?
what is it’s effect on preload or afterload and end diastolic volume
decrease oxygen demand
increase venous capacitance
decrease preload
decrease diastolic volume
nitrates do what to afterload or preload?
nitrates decrease preload
venous dilation leads to what in the heart
less oxygen demand, heart doesn’t have to work as hard