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Migration History > Labour Migration > Flashcards

Labour Migration Flashcards

1
Q

When waa there mass migration from Europe to the USA?

A

Late 19th century - early 20th century

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2
Q

What are “free” wage workers?

A

Labourers who sold their labor power to an employer, signed contracts, could end contract, earned a wage, married, free children, less physical violence

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3
Q

What is class consciousness?

A

The worker class realised they belonged to this class, which was taken advantage of -> Marx ans Engels communist manifesto 1848

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4
Q

When does the European immigration surpass that of Africans in America?

A

1840’s

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5
Q

When did European mass immigration really take off?

A

1880’s

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6
Q

What effect had industrialisation on slavery?

A

Negative views towards slavery

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7
Q

What effect had industrialisation on free migration?

A

Dislocation, population growth that caused migration

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8
Q

What are the reasons for mass labor migration from Europe to Americas?

A

Demand for cheap and unskilled labor in factories etc. Growing populations and stagnant economy in Europe. Easier transportation -> invention of steamships

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9
Q

What are the reasons for mass labor migration from Europe to Americas?

A

Demand for cheap and unskilled labor in factories etc. Growing populations and stagnant economy in Europe. Easier transportation -> invention of steamships

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10
Q

What was thoughts of mass migration in the US?

A

The “natives”, meaning the WASP’s, had xenophobic views. Especially towards Italians

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11
Q

What was the views of socialism and anarchism in the Americas?

A

That it was an imported issue which is damaging the nation

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12
Q

How many Italians departed from the Italian peninsula between 1870 and 1921?

A

16.6 million

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13
Q

How many Italians entered the US between 1880 and 1920?

A

4 million

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14
Q

What was some characteristics of Italian migrants?

A

Unskilled peasants and workers, more men than women, but by 1914 there where equally as many women who migrated

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15
Q

What was the popular job for Italian women in America?

A

Seamstresses at home

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16
Q

What was special about letters to Italy from America?

A

It was usually written to be read by an entire community, not just a specific person

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17
Q

What did “free” labor migration transition from?

A

Bonded labor

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18
Q

What is nativism?

A

An anti-immigrant resent. The “natives” wants to keep their culture etc. Safe from the immigrants

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19
Q

Who were the nativists?

A

The first british migrants

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20
Q

Did all European migrants enter the US?

A

No, in fact many also entered countries like Brazil and Argentina

21
Q

Who wrote “living the revolution” and what’s it about?

A

Jennifer Guglielmo: Italians leaving Italy for primarily USA

22
Q

What’s the story of Lucia?

A

Her husband was in the states, working in railroad companies and other construction jobs. She received money from him to support the family inconsistently. She therefore did an important job to sustain the family. She saved up money to go across the Atlantic. When she came to New York she worked as a seamstress at home. Her husband died and she had 6 children

23
Q

How was Lucia’s story common for Italians?

A

Usually the fathers left first to work in infrastructure, trying to support the family. Eventually, the mother and children would cross the Atlantic to reunite. Often the mother would have a lover social status within industrial work although their support was more important economically. Many also returned to Italy

24
Q

What can you call the places were women worked in the USA?

A

Sweat shops

25
Q

What have often women who migrate been seen as?

A

Family migraters, when in fact they were labor migrants as they were crucial to the survival of the family

26
Q

Why was not Italian women seen as labor migrats?

A

They “only” served as low-wage menial workers and caretakers of men as mother and wife. It jusitifed the subordination and dehumanization of work

27
Q

Why did Italian women start to migrate?

A

As a result of global capitalism. The search for better work on a global scale

28
Q

How did Italian women cope with global economic changes?

A

By turing to weaving and sewing. With mass-production this kind of work became tedious, repetitive and poorly paid. It did not offer any social status

29
Q

What was women’s work defined as?

A

Supplemental, so it offered only low-wage pay. One could also fire and hire simply at will

30
Q

Was there less work for Italian women as their work was viewed as supplemental?

A

No, in fact only women in middle and upper class were able to avoid intensive psychical work

31
Q

What was the view on Italians in the US?

A

They were seen as physically intense. Therefore, they were especially suited for low-wage labor in the needs of industrial capitalism

32
Q

How did women learn to sew etc?

A

By relatives, local seamstresses and teachers in convent and public schools

33
Q

How many people migrated from Naples each year between 1902 and 1920?

A

200 000

34
Q

How many women migrated in context of men from Italy?

A

In the 1880’s women only accounted for 17% of all emigrants. However, in the years leading up to 1921 women totaled 46% of Italian migration

35
Q

What was the result of men leaving first?

A

Women were left more autonomous and they made their own preparations to leave

36
Q

How many Italian women went back to Italy in the 1910s and 1920s?

A

About 20%

37
Q

What did an Italian woman take into consideration before leaving?

A

Their own needs. Their ability to find work and the needs of the family

38
Q

What was important with women’s wages?

A

It was crucial for the family to survive. Men contributed less. The difference was that men had more stable jobs

39
Q

How was Argentina attractive for Italian migrants?

A

Offered entire families to work in commercial agriculture, independent farming and industry labor

40
Q

What did Argentina do in the 1880s to attract workers?

A

Subsidized workers’ passage

41
Q

How many per cent was the Italians among migrants in Argentina close to ww1?

A

About 60%

42
Q

Why was Argentina concerned with Italian migrants?

A

Concentration of Italians, as Italians were leading labor movements and unions and many believed in anarchism

43
Q

Why did brazil take in many Italians?

A

To modernise the economy, bring down the cost of labor and “civilize” and “whiten” a racially mixed population

44
Q

Which city was by far the most popular for Italians in Brazil?

A

São Paulo, 70% of all Italians made it their home. Between 1890 and 1920 up to 35% of the city’s population was Italian

45
Q

How did Italian migrants leave a mark in New York?

A

With 4 million Italian migrants New York became a center for radicalism and labor activism

46
Q

What happened in Brazik from 1907?

A

Several large strikes against long working hours, low-pay and dangerous working conditions. Women were central in speaking for the rallies

47
Q

Where did Italian women often work?

A

At home. This meant that it took long time to learn English. Working at home allowed the women to take care of the young children

48
Q

On avarage, when did young women enter factory labor?

A

16

49
Q

How was life in factories for women?

A

Expected to work as hard as possible to generate profit. Materials were dangerous to the health and highly inflamable. Yet, escaping fires was difficult. Workers were fined for being late, talking, singing and taking to much time in the bathroom

Migration History (11 decks)

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