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ANAT 214 > Larynx and Pharynx > Flashcards

Larynx and Pharynx Flashcards

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1
Q

describe organization of larynx - cartilages gen

A

only cartilaginous skeleton
scaffold - add things on to build muscles

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2
Q

describe hyoid bone - organization of larynx

A

connected to larynx
allows for stretching of membrane

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3
Q

name cartilages of larynx

A

5 cartilages = 3 +1 pair
Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and 2 arytenoids

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4
Q

describe thyroid - larynx cartilage

A

visible from outside
shield shaped
sits at anterior border on cricoid
laryngeal prominence = adams apple

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5
Q

describe cricoid - larynx cartilage

A

complete ring - top ring of trachea
Visible from outside

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6
Q

describe epiglottis - larynx cartilage

A

sits and articulates with thyroid cartilage = joint articulates epiglottis

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7
Q

describe arytenoids - larynx cartilage

A

2
mirror images
articulates with cricoid at posterior sides of cricoid ring (wide than anterior side)

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8
Q

what is thyrohyoid membrane - larynx

A

runs from thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
anchor that suspends larynx from it

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9
Q

what is cricothyroid membrane - larynx

A

runs between thyroid cartilage and cricoid
related to vocal folds

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10
Q

how do larynx cartilages connect to each other

A

synovial joints= have cartilage and can move against each other - allows to modulate and produce sounds

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11
Q

describe cricothyroid ligament

A

from cricoid to thyroid (anterior) and arytenoid (posterior) with free superior margin = vocal ligament
3 anchor points but no anchor on superior aspect

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12
Q

describe quadrangular membrane

A

mucosa
from lateral border epiglottis to thyroid (anterior) and arytenoid posterior with free inferior margin = vestibular ligament
draped down from epiglottis

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13
Q

describe thyroid –> arytenoids

A

2 ligaments that stretch across space

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14
Q

describe what the ligaments create - (when covered in mucosa)

A

vocal and vestibular ligaments become vocal and vestibular folds and create a recess = laryngeal ventricle

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15
Q

what is laryngeal ventricle

A

created because of free margins - not stretched tightly enough

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16
Q

describe vestibular fold

A

over ligament
creates false vocal cords
not vocal cords that are stretched or changed in shape by laryngeal muscles
might modulate sound a bit
air through here does not do anything to sound

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17
Q

describe vocal fold

A

over ligament
true vocal folds
membrane stretches (cricoid to thyroid), ends in vocal ligament (free superior margin) –> one on either side - space between (rima)
can create resistance to flow = produce sounds

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18
Q

what is rima

A

opening between true vocal folds - rima glottidis
changing its size modulates sounds we produce (phonation)- intonation, pitch, volume, modulated by changing opening using laryngeal muscles

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19
Q

describe cricoarytenoids - gen - muscles of larynx

A

from cricoid cartilage to arytenoids on each side
posterior and lateral

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20
Q

describe posterior cricoarytenoids - muscles of larynx - gen

A

wrap towards anterior, attaches to arytenoid cartilage
arytenoids can move freely thanks to these muscles

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21
Q

describe lateral cricoarytenoids - muscles of larynx

A

reverse of posterior

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22
Q

compare posterior and lateral cricoarytenoids - muscles of larynx

A

antagonistic muscles

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23
Q

describe arytenoids - gen - muscles of larynx

A

transverse and oblique

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24
Q

describe transverse arytenoids - muscles of larynx

A

in coronal plane
straight across

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25
describe oblique arytenoids - muscles of larynx
more superficial
26
describe cricothyroid muscle - more control of vocal folds
muscle from thyroid to cricoid (on outside) rocks thyroid cartilage forward (anteriorly towards cricoid, since thyroid more mobile bone) to increase tension in vocal cords - increases pitch in phonation (higher pitches-frequencies)
27
describe thyroarytenoid muscle - muscles of larynx
thyroid to arytenoids along length of thyroid space (from front to back) runs parallel to vocal ligament (with vocal fold) pulls arytenoids (more mobile) towards thyroid (translate) slackens vocal cords = lowers pitch in phonation
28
WHAT IS vocalis - muscles of larynx
sometimes considered individual muscle but actually same as thyroarytenoid
29
compare thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid muscles - muscles of larynx
Antagonistic muscles
30
how to modulate shape and tension of vocal folds
Changes how tight or closed rima is relaxed = open rima if need to open more = for deep inhalations - recruit posterior cricoarytenoids
31
describe vascular supply to larynx - eca
eca --> superior thyroid artery (1st branch eca) runs with superior laryngeal nerve upper part of larynx
32
describe vascular supply to larynx - subclavian
subclavian (major vessels to upper limb)--> inferior thyroid artery (early branch of subclavian)
33
describe nerve supply to larynx - gen
entirely cnX - vagus superior laryngeal branch --> cricothyroid Recurrent laryngeal branch --> all other larynx muscles
34
describe nerve supply to larynx - branches
vagus (motor to extrinsic muscles of larynx) --> superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerves (left and right)
35
describe superior laryngeal nerve (innervation of larynx - vagus)
external branch = motor to cricothyroid muscle internal branch = sensory to vocal folds goes into hole in thyrohyoid membrane
36
describe left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve (innervation of larynx - vagus)
motor to all muscles of larynx except cricothyroid Sensory below vocal folds continues on to neck and then loops back to innervate rest of muscles of larynx (all ones on inside)
37
compare left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve (innervation of larynx - vagus)
left = loops under aorta before goes back Right = short path, usually under brachiocephalic trunk Different courses due to asymmetric configuration of aorta and its first branches
38
name the 3 phases of deglutition
oral pharyngeal Esophageal
39
describe oral phase of deglutition - gen
Moment of tongue in anterior to posterior sequence against palate initiation = voluntary control breathing possible
40
describe oral phase of deglutition - specifics
send foo to back of mouth - push bolus in preparation of swallowing soft palate depressed nasal cavity not sealed off
41
describe pahryngeal phase of deglutition - gen
closure of nasal and laryngeal cavities via soft palate involuntary control brief interruption of breathing
42
describe pharygneal phase of deglutition - specifics
close nasal = elevate soft palate (lvp, tvp) Close larynx - using epiglottis involuntary = glossopharyngeal and vagus brief interruption of breathing
43
describe esophageal phase of deglutition - gen
coordination of muscle contraction of pharyngeal wall and esophagus to propel bolus inferiorly to stomach (peristalsis - coordinated movement of pharyngeal muscles) involuntary control (pharynx to esophagus) naso and laryngopharynx open - breathing resumes (relax soft palate and larynx can now open again)
44
what is the role of epiglottis - movements
seals off larynx momentarily trachea pulled superiorly/anteriorly via connections to hyoid and larynx (action of suprahyoid muscles) *epiglottis whole neck column rises and falls --> right at swallow = pharyngeal phase
45
what is the role of epiglottis - depression
trapdoor- then opens quick due to aryepiglottic muscle (continuation of oblique arytenoid) up to end of epiglottis along margin of quadrangular membrane pulls quickly - flaps epiglottis shut (posteriorly attached at front)
46
what happens during swallowing for safety
adductors seal off rima and larynx with epiglottis = double SAFETY MEASURE Contraction assists in depression of epiglottis elevation of hyoid bone assists in depression of epiglottis
47
name the muscles of pharynx
Constrictors longitudinal muscles
48
what is role of pharyngeal constrictors
contract above bolus and relax below bolus wave like fashion to move bolus inferiorly - narrow space in eso and laryngeopharynx
49
name and describe attachments/things about pharyngeal constrictors - 3
superior pharyngeal constrictor = aponeurosis of spc on occipital bone (mandible to sphenoid) middle pharyngeal constrictor = raphe to hyoid inferior pharyngeal constrictor = raphe to larynx (mostly on thyroid and some on cricoid) all meet contralateral muscle in middle = pharyngeal raphe, some ct, connects muscles mainly
50
describe longitudinal pharyngeal muscles compared to constrictors
perpendicular to constrictors (90 degrees) mostly vertical blend with pharyngeal wall
51
name and describe attachments/things about longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
stylopharyngeus = styloid process --> pharynx salpingopharyngeus = auditory tube ostium (on cartilagenous support) --> pharynx palatopharyngeus = soft palate --> pharynx
52
what is function of longitudinal pharyngeal muscles
helps elevate soft palate and pharynx shortening and dilating pharynx ahead of bolus opens up space - contracts - shortens tightly coordinated with constrictors = promotes movement of bolus from superior to inferior
53
describe action of pharyngeal constrictors - gen, behind and ahead
squeeze behind - contract motion away from contraction ONE DIRECTION ahead - relax, left open so space for bolus to pass through coordinated by action of glossapharyngeal and vagus
54
what is pharynx innervated by - gen
Pharyngeal plexus most cnX but stylopharyngeus = from cnIX (glossopharyngeal, gag reflex - touch back of oropharynx)
55
name all spinal nerves - for pharynx
cn XI - spinal accessory - motor sternocleidomastoid cn x vagus cn IX - glossopharyngeal —> sensory to pharynx cn XII - hypoglossal - motor to extrinsic muscles of tongue, pass ant to tongue
56
what else can be seen in innervation to pharynx
superior cervical ganglion = one big ganglion sympathetic chain = nerves into skull, motor innervation as it goes down - motor to constrictors and longitudinal muscles (thoracolumbar)
57
describe thyroid and parathyroid glands - gen
opposed against larynx located in visceral compartment of neck, against anterior trachea, on inferior border of larynx straddles cricoid and lower thyroid cartilage *butterfly shapes, sits on trachea
58
describe thyroid - thyroid and parathyroid glands
major endocrine gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism and growth (thyroid hormone) and calcium homeostasis (calcitonin) - adjusts calcium BONE HOMEOSTASIS
59
describe parathyroid - thyroid and parathyroid glands
next to thyroid 4x pea shaped glands embedded in posterior thyroid produces parathyroid hormone (pth) --> regulates calcium homeostasis
60
describe posterior cricoarytenoids - muscles of larynx - function
abduction of vocal folds widens rima during forced expiration expel more air, speak louder, keeps open - breathe in moves vocal folds further apart shorten = makes back swing open
61
describe lateral cricoarytenoids - muscles of larynx - function
adduction of vocal folds closes rima (narrows) during expiration, whispering, reduce amplitude of speech
62
describe function of oblique and transverse arytenoids - muscles of larynx
pulls arytenoids closer together - translators adduction of vocal folds = narrow rima by translating entire arytenoids towards each other Similar to lateral cricoarytenoids (but those rotate anterior tips towards each other) phonation - pitch and volume

ANAT 214 (34 decks)

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