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ANAT 214 > Lab 1: Basic Tissues > Flashcards

Lab 1: Basic Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

describe anatomical position

A

starting position of body used
eyes forward head neutral
standing up
arms at sides palm facing forwards, thumbs point out to side
feet/toes pointing forwards
switch perspective = when describe right and left

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2
Q

describe anatomical planes and axes

A

3 orthogonal planes with axes running through them -
90 degree angles to each other

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3
Q

describe sagittal plane

A

Straight down midline
left and right halves along transverse axis
looks symmetrical but not on inside

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4
Q

describe coronal plane

A

anterior - front and posterior - back halves
not symmetrical
along sagittal axis (parallel to sagittal plane but runs through coronal plane)
like slice tiara

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5
Q

describe transverse plane

A

divides body into superior and inferior halves at navel (umbilicus) along longitudinal axis
transverse axis - perpendicular to sagittal plane

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6
Q

how many plans do we have in total

A

can have infinite amount of plans - always parallel to original ones

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7
Q

describe relative position

A

planes/axes allow us to define relative position of anatomical structures

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8
Q

describe medial vs lateral

A

medial = midline
lateral = away from midline (sagittal plane)
lungs lateral to heart

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9
Q

describe posterior vs anterior

A

posterior= dorsal, towards back
anterior = ventral, stomach
trachea posterior to aortic arch

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10
Q

describe superior vs inferior

A

superior - cranial, head, transverse plane
inferior - caudal, tail/toes
heart superior to stomach

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11
Q

describe superificial vs deep

A

Superficial - closer to surface
heart lies deep to fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

describe proximal vs distal

A

proximal - closer to trunk or organ
distal = further to trunk or organ
hand distal, shoulder proximal
right subclavian distal to superior vena cava in relation to heart

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13
Q

which systems are basic organ services

A

nervous
cardiovascular
lymphatic

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14
Q

describe function of nervous system

A

receives and processes stimuli/info from internal/external environment - receives sensory afferent input
coordinates and carries out an appropriate action in response to stimuli - motor efferent output - usually involves movement

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15
Q

describe nervous system anatomically

A

cns = brain and spinal cord
pns = nerves from cns–> all over body
stimulus to response = pns–>cns–>pns

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16
Q

name functional divisions of pns

A

somatic and vsiceral

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17
Q

describe somatic pns

A

from outside to body
afferent stimuli = largely external (touch, temp, forces)
Efferent response = largely voluntary (motor control of skeletal muscles)

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18
Q

describe visceral pns

A

from mostly inside of body
afferent stimuli = primarily internal (HR, hunger, nausea)
Efferent response = involuntary (smooth and cardiac muscle, functions of visceral organs)

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19
Q

name and describe key components of spinal nerves - pns

A

paired - bilateral
emerge from spinal cord at regular intervals between vertebrae from neck to coccyx
bidirectional with afferent neurons (visceral/somatic) returning to cns and efferent (visceral/somatic) neurons to periphery
associated with BOTh somatic and visceral nervous systems - anatomically different

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20
Q

what is similar between somatic and visceral pns

A

stimuli relayed to cns via neurons bundled into nerves (including spinal and cranial nerves)

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21
Q

what is different between somatic and visceral pns

A

number of linked neurons
locations of cell bodies

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22
Q

describe similarities/differences between somatic and visceral pns

A

afferent = SIMILAR, very long single neuron transmits signals from organs to cns
efferent = DIFFERENt, somatic = SINgle neuron from cns to target, visceral = 2 neurons linked in sequence that synapse in various ganglia (neuron cell bodies, sympathetic chain)

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23
Q

describe visceral efferent system

A

ANS - involuntary efferent control of visceral organs
Opposing effects - PSNS, SNS

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24
Q

describe ans

A

Sympathetic = alert, fight/flight, increase hr, dilate pupils, slow digestion - redirects energy
Parasympathetic= relax, rest and digest, feed/breed, decrease hr, constrict pupils, airways and blood vessels

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25
describe- SYMPATHETIC 1 - ORIGIN OF OUTFLOW 2 - LOCATION OF GANGLIA 3 - STRUCTURE OF THE 2 NEURONS IN SEQUENCE
1- spinal nerves from levels T1-L2 = 1st pair thoracic to 2nd pair lumbar - THORACOLUMBAR OUTFLOW 2- in sympathetic chain = paravertebral ganglia in thorax or in prevertebral ganglia in abdomen 3- short PREsynaptic, long POSTsynaptic
26
describe- PARASYMPATHETIC 1 - ORIGIN OF OUTFLOW 2 - LOCATION OF GANGLIA 3 - STRUCTURE OF THE 2 NEURONS IN SEQUENCE
1- 4 cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and spinal nerves S2-S4 = CRANIOSACRAL OUTFLOW 2- in ganglia located near head or within walls of target organs - often not visble 3- long PREsynaptic and short POSTsynaptic
27
what do parasympathetic and sympathetic do
fibers often blend in autonomic plexuses and travel together - target organs, MESHWORK
28
what are nerves
bundles of neurons, wrapped in ct conducts impulse to cns, super long in periphery
29
what must nerves have - describe
both afferent and efferent nuerons several have both somatic and visceral 4 neuron types = somatic TO/FROM and visceral TO/FROM not distinguishable to macroscopic level - single or branching group of fibers
30
describe special visceral afferent
specific functions taste and smell
31
describe visceral afferent signals - general
ans - technically efferent, strictly motor sensation fron interior envir/organs - pain = relayed via GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT - gva some gva fibers travel back to cns via cranial nerves - vagus, but most share path with somatic afferent via spinal nerves (both neuron types with cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion)
32
describe visceral afferent signals - pathway
relay interneurons in spinal cord that serve both somatic afferent and gva fibers can be stimulated and brain misinterprets and perceives pain as coming from area of somatic afferent = skin REFERRED PAIN T2-T4
33
describe cardiovascular system
SYSTEM Of pumps and conduits - delivers nutrients to tissue and removed deoxygenated blood and metabolic wastes
34
describe 2 pumps of cardiovascular system
2 types of circulation right = receives dexoy from body and sends to lungs = gas exchange, PULMONARY circ left - receives oxy blood from lungs and sends to body, SYSTEMIC circ
35
describe cardiovascular system - veins and arteries
Arteries - aterial blood = blood moving away from heart vein = blood moving towards heart
36
describe cardiovascular system - pathway
large arteries --> smaller arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries (embedded in all body tissues and organs)
37
describe cardiovascular system - capillaries
gas/nutrient exchange with tissue cells return to venous side (venules --> veins --> heart)
38
describe lymphatic system
supports cardiovascular system - runs in parallel cells surrounded by isf when blood passes through capillaries = fluid accumulates isf = solutes, cell products, debris, pathogens return to circ via lymphatic capillaries and lymph vessels as lymph has immune cells that monitor lymph returned to circ by superior vena cava, right pump = systemic venous HELPs concentrations
39
describe respiratory system
works with pulmonary circ system also role in sense of smell, temp and moisture regulation of inhaled air, sound production, immune and protective functions
40
describe respiratory system - components
lungs = gas exchange nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, mouth, larynx, pharynx and tracheobroncial tree = conduits and spaces, moves air in/out lungs and regulate temp and moisture
41
describe digestive system
Works with systemic circ - absorbs nutrients and eliminate solid wastes tube from mouth to anus Sequential regions with organs and specific functions
42
describe digestive system - what does mouth, tongue, teeth, esophagus and stomach do
ingestion transfer of food mechanical breakdown
43
describe digestive system - what does stomach, pancreas, liver and gallbladder do
chemical breakdown - secretions
44
describe digestive system - what do small intestines do
absorption of nutrients
45
describe digestive system - what does colon, rectum and anus do
Absorption of water production and excretion of solid waste
46
describe digestive system - portal venous system
shunts nutrient rich venous blood from digestive tract through liver for processing (building proteins, break down toxins) BACk to systemic venous circ
47
describe urinary system
works with systemic circ regulate body blood or water volume, eliminate toxins, metabolites and excess fluid in urine - liquid form functionally and anatomically diff from digestive system
48
describe urinary system - components
paired filtration units = kidneys conduit system to external environment = ureters (paired), bladder and urethra
49
describe urinary system - sex
sex specific anatomical differences sexual dimorphisms - afab has smaller bladder and shorter urethra
50
describe reproductive systems
most dimorphic amab or afab
51
describe gonads - AFAB
ovaries uterine tubes Uterus
52
describe reproductive tracts, spaces and organs - AFAB
vagina vulva - external genitalia
53
describe accessory glands - AFAB
greater vestibular gland paraurethral glands
54
describe gonads - AMAB
scrotum testes epididymis
55
describe reproductive tracts, spaces and organs - AMAB
vas deferens ejaculatory ducts urethra - for urine and other associated fluids penis
56
describe accessory glands - AMAB
prostate seminal vesicles bulbourethral glands
57
what are muscles
contractile tissue capable of generating tensile forces
58
describe smooth muscle
body and viscera - organ walls autonomic control (ans) ex = vasodilation of arterial walls, constriction of trachea - airways
59
describe skeletal muscle
striated most common by mass voluntary control ex - head, face, neck, pelvic floor, thoracic, abdominal walls
60
what are musculoskeletal systems
level systems = rigid beam (lever) that can rotate about fixed point (center of rotation, fulcrum) when forces applied
61
describe levers as bones
rigid levers allow internal forces from muscle to be transferred elsewhere to resist or overcome external forces = movement muscle strength would not matter if bones floppy
62
describe center of rotations as joints
most are synovial joints = 2 or more bones articulate via reciprocal cartilage surfaces within a fibrous capsule lined with viscous synovial membrane that secretes lubricating fluid so less friction come in diff shapes and sizes, determines type/range of motion they allow
63
describe forces applied
external -usually gravity or muscular internal = muscles contract and generate tensile forces - produces torques that can create/resist rotation of body part about a joint
64
Compare biceps and triceps
bicep = crosses elbow joint anteriorly, shortens through contraction = tension pulls forearm superiorly relative to arm = ELBOW FLEXION Triceps = passes posteriorly to elbow, does reverse when shortens = ELBOW EXTENSION
65
what does a muscle do?
where does muscle attach what joint does it cross what directions are its fibers oriented what happens to bones on either side of joint when muscle shortens
66
where does muscle attach - TEMPORALIS
side of skull and top of mandible
67
WHAT joint does it cross - TEMPORALIS
jaw = tmj temporomandibular joint
68
what directions are fibers oriented - TEMPORALIS
striations tell you which direction muscles shorten along this direction muscle shortens and generate pull - tensile force
69
what happens to bones on either side of tmj when temporalis shortens - TEMPORALIS
skull and mandible move closer to one another through rotation at tmj jaw close and retract if mouth open or would clench if mouth closed = jaw adduction/retraction
70
can muscles cross more than one joint
yes will have actions at each joint - some may be minor or weak actions ex = biceps flew elbow and flex shoulder
71
muscles can only work alone?
nooo can work with others to produce more force/rotation synergists = often several muscles form one movement
72
what do muscles work in
antagonistic pairs = one muscle cannot push and pull ex = temporalis vs lateral pterygoid (small easy action)
73
what do most skeletal muscles do
attach to bone on either side of joint but some only attached to bone on one side = other side inserts soft tissues no true synovial joint ex = bone to eye, bone to skin
74
describe cardiac muscle
only heart myocardium with specialized cardiomyocytes some with conductive capacity autonomic control

ANAT 214 (34 decks)

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