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ANAT 214 > Intro to Abdomen > Flashcards

Intro to Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Describe abdomen

A

Below diaphragm
Region of the trunk between thorax and pelvis
Composed of abdominal wall and cavity

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2
Q

Describe borders of abdomen

A

Superior = inferior thoracic aperture - closed by thoracic diaphragm
Inferior = pelvic inlet (pelvis narrows down, abd region continuous with pelvic organs)

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3
Q

Describe abdominal wall

A

Partly compared of bones (few), mostly muscles
(Not like thorax - has many ribs)

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4
Q

Describe abdominal cavity

A

Houses major elements of gi, spleen and part of urinary system
Lined by peritoneum (serous sac of gi organs), contains much of viscera

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5
Q

Describe bones of abdominal wall

A

Vertebrae = 5 lumbar vertebrae
Pelvis = superior aspect pelvic bone (false pelvis, *iliac bones)
Thorax = costal margin, ribs 11-12, xiphoid process

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6
Q

Describe fascia of abdominal wall

A

Superficial fascia = under skin (fatty layer=camper’s fascia)
Transversalis fascia = deep to abdominal muscles (thin, between inner layer of muscles and peritoneum)

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7
Q

Describe organization of muscles of abdominal wall

A

Muscles seal it
Posterior
Lateral a
Anterior

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8
Q

Describe posterior muscles of abdominal wall

A

Quadratus lumborum = square muscle at back
Psoas
Iliacus

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9
Q

Describe lateral muscles of abdominal wall

A

(Same organization as thoracic muscles)
External oblique = superficial, sup and lat to inf and medial
Internal oblique = middle layer, inf and lat to sup and medial (same as int intercostal muscle)
Transversus abdominis = innermost, transverse direction

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10
Q

Describe anterior muscles of abdominal wall

A

Recuts abdominis incased in recuts sheath (straight muscles in front, 6 pack)

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11
Q

Describe rectus sheath

A

Tendinous sheath formed by layering of aponeuroses (flat tendon) of ext oblique, int oblique and transversus abdominis

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12
Q

Describe distribution of aponeuroses of abdominal muscles and rectus sheath

A

Differs= above and below arcuate line

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13
Q

Describe above arcuate line

A

Anterior aspect =external and 1/2 internal
Posterior aspect = 1/2 internal and transversus (Lies against transversalis fascia)
(Makes rectus sheath = where muscle can slide, in between the 2 layers of internal - splits)

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14
Q

Describe below arcuate line

A

All aponeurosis move anterior to rectus abdominis = ext, internal, transversus, rectus abdominis - lays on transversalis fascia
Transition makes arch of fibres = arcuate line

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15
Q

Where is best to cut for c section

A

Below arcuate line since one layer

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16
Q

Where is arcuate line

A

Midway between umbilicus and pubic symphysis

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17
Q

What is aponeurosis of rectus muscles called - in middle of abd

A

Linea alba

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18
Q

What is inguinal ligament

A

Thickening of inferior border of ext oblique
From anterior superior iliac spine (asis) to Pubic tubercle

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19
Q

What is purpose of inguinal canal

A

Important passengers for structures
Like testicular structures for men - structures to reach scrotum

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20
Q

Describe formation of inguinal ligament= generally, informal

A

Where ext oblique inserts and jumps and bony insertions = gets thicker= forms inguinal ligament - more solid insertion of lower ext oblique between 2 points (asis and pubic tubercle)

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21
Q

Describe inguinal canal - length

A

4 cm long approx

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22
Q

Describe borders of inguinal Canal

A

Anterior wall = aponeurosis ext oblique (continuation)
Roof = int oblique (jumps and inserts medially) and transversus abdominis
Posterior wall = transversalis fascia
Floor = inguinal ligament

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23
Q

What forms superficial inguinal ring

A

Anterior wall of inguinal canal = aponeurosis ext oblique (continuation)

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24
Q

What forms deep inguinal ring

A

Posterior wall inguinal canal = transversalis fascia

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25
Describe motor and sensory innervation - nv abd wall = what is innervated
Skin, abdominal muscles and parietal peritoneum
26
Name nerves that innervate abd wall
Thoracoabdominal nerves = t7-t11, (leaves intercostal space and reach abd region, segmental organization, laterally) Subcostal nerve = t12 and l1 Ilioihypogastric = t12 and l1
27
What is umbilical level
T10
28
What innervates diaphragmatic peritoneum
Phrenic nerve
29
Describe innervation of visceral peritoneum
By visceral afferents Poor localization of sensation= can lead to referred pain
30
Where does arterial supply of abd wall come from
Internal thoracic arteries External iliac arteries
31
Describe branches of internal thoracic arteries = nv abd wall
Musculophrenic = along costal margin Superior epigastric = travels post to rectus abdominis (sup to stomach, slides in rectus sheath and feeds abdominus)
32
Describe branches of external iliac arteries = nv abd wall
Inferior epigastric = travels post to rectus abdominus Will anastomose with superior epigastric artery
33
Are visceral and parietal peritoneum both sensory
No Visceral = not sensory Parietal = sensory by nerves for that region (thoracoabdominal)
34
Describe body cavities
Human body = fluid filled space Organs organized, separate and protected - supported by means of fascia Allow movement between organs and surrounding structures
35
Describe cavities lining = gen
Serous membrane lines thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and their content Continuous but divided into 2 layers
36
Describe specific layers of cavities lining
Parietal layer = forms outer wall of cavity, attached organs to their walls Visceral layer = reflection from parietal, overs and encloses viscera (not innervated much for sensory) Between layers = space filled by serous fluid that allows sliding
37
What is peritoneum
Similar to pleura and serous pericardium Continuous epithelial like layer, divided into 2
38
Describe layers of peritoneum
Parietal = lines abdominal wall Space between parietal and visceral = peritoneal cavity (forms sac) Visceral = covers organs
39
What does parietal peritoneum do
Reflects off abdominal wall and folds to become a components of mesenteries that suspend viscera Mesentery = not on wall or organ, anchors to wall, contains vessels, not parietal or visceral
40
Describe Intra vs retro peritoneal concept
Abdominal viscera = suspended in peritoneal cavity by folds of peritoneum (mesenteries) - INTRA or outside peritoneal cavity (part of organ covered by peritoneum)- RETRO
41
What are omenta, mesenteries and ligaments - gen
PERITONEAL cavity has numerous peritoneal folds Connect organs to each other or abdominal wall
42
Describe omenta
Greater and lesser Double layer peritoneum From stomach to duodenum and other viscera
43
Describe omental sacs
2 omenta divide abdominal cavities = Greater (rest) and lesser (behind liver and stomach) omental sacs
44
What are mesenteries = specifics
Peritoneal folds attaching viscera to post abd wall Allows movements and conduit for neurovascular structures
45
Name mesenteries
Mesentery = small intestine Transverse mesocolon = transverse colon Sigmoid mesocolon = sigmoid colon
46
What is peritoneal ligament
Double layer peritoneum connecting organs to each other or to body wall No nv structures in here
47
Describe greater omentum
Large apron like peritoneal fold, protects and covers organs, big curtains from greater curvature stomach, drapes over transverse colon and inserts back up on transverse colon
48
Describe lesser omentum
anchors stomach from lesser curvature stomach and 1st portion duodenum to visceral surface liver
49
Describe hepatoduodenal ligament
Lesser omentum thicker portion from liver to duodenum fot structures to porta hepatis (bile duct, portal vein hepatic proper artery)
50
Describe hepatogastric ligament
Lesser omentum thinner portion from liver to lesser curvature stomach
51
Describe visceral part of peripheral nervous system
innervates blood vessels, glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle consists of 3 divisions = sympathetic, parasym and enteric
52
Describe ans = gen
2 neuron pathway between cns and target organ proximal preganglionic (presynaptic) neuron distal postganglionic (postsynaptic neuron)
53
Describe 3 features ans
1. cell body of preganglionic neuron located in cns 2. preganglionic neuron synapse with a postganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion 3. postganglionic neuron reaches target organ
54
Describe psns - nerves
presynaptic long postsynaptic short and associated with target organ cranial nerves= 3, 7, 9,10 sacral nerves = s2,3,4
55
Describe sns - nerves
presynaptic short postsynaptic long more balanced than psns tho vertebral level of t1-l2 *synapse in ganglion, usually in abd aorta, region, synapse further away from target organ
56
Where do parasympathetic nerves arise from
brain-brainstem and sacral spinal cord segments s2,3,4
57
Describe the psns that arise from brain/brainstem
preganglionic fibers from cranial nerves = cn 3,7,9,10
58
Describe psns that arise from sacral spinal cord
from pelvic splanchnic nerves contribute to autonomic plexuses in pelvis, abdomen
59
Describe terminal synapse psns
terminal synapse in a parasympathetic ganglion that is always located near/in target organ
60
Describe splanchnic nerves - Gen, psns
visceral nerves carrying presynpatic fibers of ans
61
Describe sns = arise from
spinal cord of thoracic and lumbar level t1-l2
62
Describe sns = fibers
preganglionic fibers leave the spine with spinal nerve of corresponding level enter sympathetic trunk via white rami communicant will use 3 diff options to reach sympathetic ganglion
63
Name the 2 groups of sympathetic ganglia
sympathetic trunk prevertebral ganglions
64
Describe sympathetic trunk = sympathetic ganglia
located on each side of spine connected = forms chain, cranium to coccyx
65
Describe prevertebral ganglions = sympathetic ganglia
located on main breaches from aorta coeliac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, aorticorenal
66
Where does sns receive preganglionic fibers from
from thoracic splanchnic nerves
67
Describe how preganglionic neurons reach sympathetic ganglion = sympathetic trunk, same level
will synapse in ganglion of sympathetic trunk at corresponding level (use gray rami communicans)to re enter spinal nerve and reach target organ Synapse on chain at same level
68
Describe how preganglionic neurons reach sympathetic ganglion = sympathetic trunk, diff levels
Will travel up or down in trunk before synapsing in ganglion (use gray rami communicans) to re enter spinal nerve and reach target organ Synapse at level it wants to leave
69
Describe how preganglionic neurons reach sympathetic ganglion = to prevertebral ganglia = using splanchnic nerves
Will not synapse in any ganglion of sympathetic trunk and will reach a prevertebral ganglion by using a splanchnic nerve For viscera, presynaptic chain reaches but then leads away = splanchnic Presynaptic sympathetic neurons that will bring sympathetic input close to organ in abd region, synapse here and reach target organ
70
What is thoracic splanchnic
Pass from sympathetic trunk in thorax to prevertebral plexus and ganglia Pass through diaphragm Crura
71
Name the 3 splanchnic nerves
Greater splanchnic Lesser splanchnic Least splanchnic
72
Describe where greater splanchnic goes
T5-t9 To celiac ganglion associated with celiac trunk
73
Describe where lesser splanchnic goes
T10-11 To aorticorenal and superior mesenteric ganglia
74
Describe where least splanchnic goes
T12 To renal plexus

ANAT 214 (34 decks)

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