Neck

Question 1

what is fascia

Answer 1

lateral band/bandage –> sleeve of ct, around anatomical structures
ensures smooth gliding of compartments with each other

Question 2

name the 4 compartments and fasciae of neck

Answer 2

1- musculofascial compartment
2- vertebral compartment
3- carotid compartment
4- visceral compartment

Question 3

describe musculofascial collar of neck

Answer 3

contains sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, infrahyoid muscles
encircled by deep cervical fascia around whole neck (sleeve of ct)
deep to skin, muscle collar surrounds neck

Question 4

describe vertebral compartment of neck

Answer 4

contains neck muscles, vertebral column + spinal cord
encircled by prevertebral fascia

Question 5

describe carotid compartment of neck

Answer 5

contains carotids (system), internal jugular vein (huge), vagus nerve
Encircled by the carotid sheath

Question 6

describe visceral compartment of neck

Answer 6

Contains trachea, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, thyroid/parathyroid glands
encircled by pretracheal fascia

Question 7

how many triangles - main ones - of neck - name

Answer 7

2 on each side
bounded by muscles and bones
posterior
anterior

Question 8

describe posterior neck triangle - gen boundaries

Answer 8

trapezius = posterior (anterior border of trap)
sternocleiodmastoid = ant (back edge forms ant)
clavicle = inferior

Question 9

describe anterior neck triangle - gen boundaries

Answer 9

sternocleidomastoid = posterior
midline of neck = anterior (at sagittal plane)
mandible = superior (inf of mandible)

Question 10

name components of posterior triangle - skin

Answer 10

deep cervical fascia covers trap
prevertebral fascia (next layer, deeper)

Question 11

name components of posterior triangle - nerves

Answer 11

sensory nerves - branches of spinal nerves (c2-c4)
to neck and bottom part of head and scalp
spinal accessory nerve (XI) = motor - innervates deep side of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
brachial plexus= trunks, between ant and mid scalene muscles, bunch of nerves that come out - runs from armpits to fingers, origin in neck

Question 12

name components of posterior triangle - a/v

Answer 12

external jugular = when shout loudly, makes x with sternocleidomastoid

Question 13

name components of posterior triangle - muscles

Answer 13

scalene muscles = posterior (ps), middle (ms), and anterior (as)

Question 14

describe jugular veins - gen

Answer 14

3 pairs of veins and their connections

Question 15

describe jugular veins drain- specifics/gen

Answer 15

internal jugular = drain contents of skull - including brain, orbits, cavities
external and anterior jugular veins = superficial structures of scalp and face and neck
everything from head and neck (cranial cavity, orbit, nasal and oral cavities)

Question 16

describe internal jugular vein

Answer 16

deep/medial to sternocleidomastoid
internal, protected, bigger, parallel to external jugular, deep to sternocleidomastoid
drains cranial cavity

Question 17

describe external jugular vein

Answer 17

Superficial, crosses sternocleidomastoid
drains into subclavian first

Question 18

describe anterior jugular vein

Answer 18

first drains to external jug vein
runs down surface of face - infrahyoid muscles

Question 19

what is subclavian

Answer 19

major veins of upper limbs

Question 20

describe complete drainage pathway of jugular veins - posterior triangle of neck

Answer 20

1 - ant jug drains into ext jug (across, over to ext jug before hits subcalvian)
2 - ext jug drains into subclavian
3 - int jug joins subclavian –> vein becomes brachiocephalic (arm-head), vein –> one from arm and one from head
4 - 2 brachiocephalic veins then meet to form superior vena cava

Question 21

describe anterior compartment of neck - gen

Answer 21

hyoid bone = more mobile bone so will move when swallow and phonation
2 categories of muscles = above hyoid - suprahyoid muscles and below hyoid = infrahyoid muscles

Question 22

describe anterior compartment of neck = suprahyoid muscles - gen functions

Answer 22

elevation of hyoid
secondary = depression of mandible - pull open-since mandible also mobile

Question 23

describe anterior compartment of neck = suprahyoid muscles - NAME MUSCLES - 4

Answer 23

mylohyoid
geniohyoid
stylohyoid
digastric

Question 24

describe mylohyoid (suprahyoid muscles)

Answer 24

mylohyoid line –> superior hyoid
innervation = cnV3

Question 25

describe geniohyoid (suprahyoid muscles)

Answer 25

mandibular symphysis --> superior hyoid innervation = c1

Question 26

describe stylohyoid (suprahyoid muscles)

Answer 26

styloid process --> superior hyoid innervation= cnVII has split allowing digastric to pass through

Question 27

describe digastric (suprahyoid muscles)

Answer 27

ad/pd - 2 bellies mastoid process --> mandibular symphysis via fibrous loop on hyoid Through split in stylohyoid - changes direction of pull of muscle innervation = POST - cnVII and ANT - cnV3

Question 28

describe function of suprahyoid muscles when mandible fixed

Answer 28

mandible fixed by muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter and pterygoids) - pull on mandible - keep shut, fix tmj elevation of hyoid and larynx (swallowing and phonation)- when contract suprahyoid muscles temporalis fixes mandible enough to let suprahyoid muscles pull hyoid out of way - flap epiglottis shut

Question 29

describe function of suprahyoid muscles when hyoid fixed

Answer 29

hyoid fixed by infrahyoid muscles - contracts and acts like anchor digastric depresses mandible, assisted by stylohyoid, geniohyoid and mylohyoid pulls on fibrous loop and pulls geniohyoid towards mandible initiates mouth opening

Question 30

describe function of suprahyoid muscles- additional functions

Answer 30

many = modulates vocal tract length, elevating floor of oral Cavity (mylohyoid), etc

Question 31

describe anterior compartment of neck = infrahyoid muscles - innervation

Answer 31

infrahyoid muscles aka strap muscles c1-c3 via ansa cervicalis loop

Question 32

describe anterior compartment of neck = infrahyoid muscles - NAME

Answer 32

thyrohyoid sternothyroid sternohyoid omohyoid

Question 33

describe thyrohyoid (infrahyoid muscles)

Answer 33

thyroid --> hypoid (lateral) stops at thyroid

Question 34

describe sternothyroid (infrahyoid muscles)

Answer 34

upper posterior sternum/clavicle --> thyroid stops at thyroid

Question 35

describe sternohyoid (infrahyoid muscles)

Answer 35

-upper posterior sternum/calvicle -->anterior hyoid longer, covers sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

Question 36

describe omohyoid (infrahyoid muscles)

Answer 36

subscapular fossa --> curvature of hyoid (to shoulder blades) superior belly inferior belly - sits between sternohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

Question 37

describe actions of infrahyoid muscles - specifics

Answer 37

depression or resistance of hyoid against elevation (pull down on hyoid) return larynx and hyoid to position after swallow or after making sounds that cause elevation of larynx (raising pitch) -- shortens vocal cords

Question 38

describe actions of infrahyoid muscles - gen/secondary as well

Answer 38

depression of hyoid Secondary = resisting elevation of hyoid, holds on to it, will not get pulled up by suprahyoid muscles

Question 39

describe how we can further divide ant triangle of neck

Answer 39

by omohyoid, digasstric and hyoid into 4 subtriangles

Question 40

name the 4 subtriangles of anterior neck

Answer 40

submental Muscular Carotid submandibular

Question 41

describe submental triangle - subtriangle of ant triangle of neck

Answer 41

suprahyoid muscles tributaries to anterior jugular vein many lymph nodes mylohyoid nerve

Question 42

describe muscular triangle - subtriangle of ant triangle of neck

Answer 42

most infrahyoid muscles anterior jugular vein deep = if remove infrahyoid muscles can see thyroid a/v, thyroid gland, larynx/trachea and esophagus

Question 43

describe carotid triangle - subtriangle of ant triangle of neck - BORDERS

Answer 43

superior = posterior digastric posterior = sternocleidomastoid anterior = omohyoid

Question 44

describe arteries/veins of carotid triangle

Answer 44

carotid arteries = eca, ica carotid body --> cnIX (connected to glossopharyngeal) branches of external carotid (up to facial) = facial + vein, lingual, superior thyroid a/v = first branch eca, provides to larynx and pharynx internal jugular vein and tributaries

Question 45

describe nerves of carotid triangle

Answer 45

cnX = vagus, runs with int carotid and jugular cnXII = hypoglossal, exits via jugular foramen, lopps and goes to extrinsic tongue muscles Sympathetic chain superior cervical ganglion (bulge of sns), retropharyngeal view - can see it

Question 46

describe submandibular triangle - subtriangle of ant triangle of neck - BORDERS

Answer 46

superior = inferior margin of mandible posterior/inf = posterior digastric anterior =anterior digastric *fibrous loop - digastrics

Question 47

describe glands of submandibular triangle

Answer 47

submandibular gland recall - tube that leads from gland to caruncle, drains into oral cavity

Question 48

describe lymphatics of submandibular triangle

Answer 48

lymph nodes swells with infections immune functions

Question 49

describe neurovasculature of submandibular triangle

Answer 49

lingual and facial a/v for facial = artery off eca - side of mandible, vein = drains face- into internal jugular cnXII = hypoglossal - innervates big muscle of root of tongue

Question 50

describe muscles of submandibular triangle

Answer 50

geniohyoid and mylohyoid muscles