Leadership of the Crusader States 1119-49 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
who was king of jerusalem 1118-31?
A
Baldwin II
2
Q
who was ruler of jerusalem 1131-43?
A
Fulk
3
Q
who was ruler of jerusalem 1131-1152?
A
Melisende
4
Q
who was ruler of jerusalem 1143-1163?
A
Baldwin III
5
Q
how was Baldwin II not a successful leader?
A
- His succession to the throne in 1118 was controversial and caused tensions.
- He was taken captive in 1123 after attempting to help Joscelin I of Edessa. He was not released until August 1124.
- He failed to capture Damascus in 1126 and again in 1129
6
Q
in what areas was Baldwin II a successful leader?
A
- Establishing Stability
- Military Success
- Expansion
7
Q
how did Baldwin II help to establish stability?
A
- 1119: supported establishment of Templars in Jerusalem
- 1120: established the legal system of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Established a strong government.
- Castle-Building
- Secured the Succession
8
Q
where did Baldwin II establish the legal system of the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
A
Council of Nablus
9
Q
give evidence that Baldwin II Established a strong government.
A
Eustace Grenier (acting as regent in Jerusalem for the captive Baldwin II) defeated the Fatimids at Yibneh (1123).
10
Q
what castle did Baldwin II build?
A
1125: built the castle of ‘Mons Glavianus’ near Beirut to impose order and secure taxes from the population.
11
Q
where did Baldwin II build Mons Glavianus?
A
near Beirut
12
Q
why did Baldwin II build Mons Glavianus?
A
to impose order and secure taxes from the population of Beirut
13
Q
how did Baldwin II secure the succession?
A
- 1129: named his eldest daughter Melisende as his heir and arranged for her marriage to a powerful French noble, Fulk of Anjou.
- 1130: Melisende’s son, Baldwin III, was born, before Baldwin II died in 1131.
14
Q
how did Baldwin II enjoy military success?
A
- early 1126: led an army of Franks to attack Damascus; defeated Tughtegin at the battle of Marj as-Suffar
- Crusader Unity
15
Q
where did Baldwin II defeat Tughtegin in 1126?
A
Marj as-Suffar
16
Q
who did Baldwin II defeat at Marj as-Suffar in 1126?
A
Tughtegin
17
Q
how did Baldwin Ii encourage crusader unity?
A
- August 1119: Baldwin II (and Pons) drove the Seljuk Turks from Antioch at Hab shortly after the disaster at the Field of Blood.
- 1125: Assembled knights from all the crusader states and met the Seljuks at the Battle of Azaz. Although the Seljuk army was much larger, the Franks were victorious. and restored much of the influence they had lost after the Field of Blood
- 1126: Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli worked together to capture Rafaniya
18
Q
who drove the Seljuk Turks from Antioch at Hab shortly after the disaster at the Field of Blood?
A
Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Pons of Tripoli
19
Q
where did Baldwin II Assemble knights from all the crusader states and met the Seljuks in 1125?
A
Azaz
20
Q
who captured Rafaniya in 1126?
A
Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Pons of Tripoli
21
Q
in what areas were fulk and melisende successful leaders?
A
- Establishing Stability
- Military Success
- Expansion
22
Q
how did fulk and melisende establish stability?
A
- Fulk became regent of Antioch (1131-1135).
- Succession
- Castle-Building
23
Q
how did fulk establish stability as regent of Antioch 1131-35?
A
- He restored order there by removing Princess Alice from her attempt to take power (1132).
- 1136: Fulk secured a strong leader for Antioch by arranging the marriage of Constance (Bohemond II and Alice’s heiress, niece of Melisande) to Raymond of Poitier, a Southern French prince
24
Q
who did Fulk arrange the marriage of in 1136?
A
Constance (Bohemond II and Alice’s heiress, niece of Melisande) to Raymond of Poitier, a Southern French prince
25
how did Fulk and Melisende secure the succession
They had two sons, Baldwin III (1130) and Amalric (1136).
26
why did Fulk and Melisende build castles?
to help give the kingdom access to the red sea; Fulk's southern castles strengthened the kingdom's defences from Fatimid Egypt (to overpower Egyptian fortress at Ascalon) and prepared for future possible conquest.
27
what 'southern' castles did fulk and melisende build?
- 1135: Fulk built the castle of Beth Gibelin
- 1141: Fulk built the castle of Ibelin
- 1142: Fulk built the castle of Blanchegarde
28
WHO built Kerak castle?
fulk's butler, paganus
29
why was kerak castle built?
It disrupted communications between Muslim Syria and the Jazira on the one side and Arabia and Egypt on the other.
30
what military successes did fulk enjoy?
- 1137: Fulk forged an alliance with Unur of Damascus against the growing threat of the Turkish warlord Zengi. This alliance was renewed in 1140.
- Fulk captured the fort of Banias, north of Lake Tiberias, and secured the northern frontier
31
what fort did Fulk capture?
Banias
32
who did Fulk forge an alliance with in 1137-1140?
Unur of Damascus
33
how did Fulk expand his powers?
1132: Fulk asserted his overlordship over Pons of Tripoli at Rugia
34
where did Fulk assert his overlordship over Pons of Tripoli?
Rugia
35
in what areas were fulk and melisende not successful leaders?
- Establishing Stability
- Military Success
36
why did fulk and melisende not establish stability?
- 1131-34: Fulk attempted to exclude Melisende from government which caused major tensions in the kingdom.
- 1134: A major scandal erupted between Melisende and Hugh of Jaffa
37
how did fulk cause tensions in jerusalem 1131-34?
- Fulk largely acted as if he was the sole, and not joint, ruler of Jerusalem which insulted Melisende and the last wishes of Baldwin II
- Offended many of the barons such as Hugh of Jaffa and Roman of Le Puy, lord of Oultrejordain; they saw the queen as representing their interests against the newcomer and his Angevin supporters
- Fulk supported the promotion of his own followers from Anjou (France).
38
which barons did fulk offend?
Hugh of Jaffa and Roman of Le Puy, lord of Oultrejordain
39
what major scandal erupted between Melisende and Hugh of Jaffa in 1134?
- Hugh was a relative of Melisende, they were of a similar age, and had both been required to marry much older partners, so they spent much time together
- Hugh's stepsons did not like their young stepfather; 1134, one of them, Walter Grenier, accused Hugh of plotting against the life of Fulk
- A judicial combat was arranged but Hugh did not appear and was found guilty in his absence; Hugh allied with the Fatimids in Ascalon and tried to capture Jaffa
- Hugh's Frankish followers abandoned him and he was exiled for 3 years, but while he was waiting to do so he was attacked in an assassination attempt, which Fulk was suspected of organising - Hugh went into exile and died of his wounds
- Fulk suffered major reputational damage
40
how was hugh of jaffa related to melisende?
(their fathers were cousins)
41
who accused Hugh of plotting against the life of Fulk?
his stepson, Walter Grenier
42
what military failures did fulk of jerusalem endure?
- 1137: Fulk was defeated in battle near Barin (Montferrand) by Zengi
- 1137: Fulk failed to co-operate with Emperor John II of Byzantium
43
who defeated fulk at barin 1137?
zengi
44
how did Fulk fail to co-operate with Emperor John II of Byzantium in 1137?
in 1137 and 1142, John arrived in Syria attempting to impose Byzantine control over the crusader states; Fulk ignored his arrival and declined an invitation to meet him in Jerusalem
45
how were baldwin iii and melisende successful leaders?
- Melisende created an inner group by which she maintained her power
- Melisende had a tight grip on the church
46
who was melisende's inner group?
Manasses of Hierges, Philip of Nablus, Elinand of Tiberias (prince of Galilee), and Rohard the Elder
47
who did melisende choose as chancellor to head her administration?
ralph
48
how did melisende enhance her grip on the church?
She was a supporter of the Jacobite Church in Jerusalem 1138-48 and ensured they regained villages that they had lost since the Frankish conquest
49
how were baldwin III and Melisende not successful leaders?
- Melisende did nor appt popular people
- Melisende's attempt to have Ralph the Chancellor appointed as archbishop of tyre caused much resentment
- Failure to help Edessa
- Baldwin III and Damascus
- Failure of the Second Crusade
50
who did Melisende appoint as military commander?
Chose her cousin, Manasses of Hierges, as royal constable, which caused resentment
51
why did melisende appointment of her cousin, Manasses of Hierges, as royal constable, cause resentment?
Manasses had been in the kingdom for less than 2 years before being promoted to the most powerful position in the realm beneath the queen; he was also seen to have an insolent attitude of superiority to other nobles, from whose hatred he was protected by Melisende
52
what role did melisende try to have ralph the chancellor appointed to?
archbishop of tyre
53
how did baldwin iii and melsiende fail to help edessa?
- News of siege of Edessa spread to Antioch and Jerusalem barely a year after Fulk's death
- Joscelin eventually realised the danger and asked for help from Raymond of Antioch, but it was believed that Raymond delayed because he hated Joscelin
- Melisende called a council in Jerusalem and decided to send a relief army led by Manasses, Philip of Nablus, and Elinand of Tiberias but they did not reach Edessa in time
54
who led the relief army sent by melisende to edessa?
Manasses, Philip of Nablus, and Elinand of Tiberias
55
why did baldwin III invade Hauran, south of Damascus in spring 1147?
- 1146: Zengi's assassination emboldened the Franks
- Spring 1147: he was incited by a disaffected governor, who claimed he would surrender Muslim Bosra and Sarkhad to the Franks if suitably recompensed
56
why was baldwin iii's invasion of hauran in spring 1147 a BAD IDEA
- Hauran was vital to Damascus, which relied on the area for much of its food
- Unur of Damascus regarded this as a violation of the agreement between them
57
why was Baldwin III forced to withdraw from Hauran in 1147?
- Hauran was vital to Damascus, which relied on the area for much of its food
- Unur of Damascus regarded this as a violation of the agreement between them; Unur negotiated the marriage of one of his daughters, Ismat, to Nureddin
- Nureddin's forces supported Unur and Baldwin III was forced to withdraw
58
how did baldwin iii contribute to the failure of the second crusade?
- 1148: Second Crusade arrived in Jerusalem
- Council held at Acre to decide on a target; Baldwin III supported an attack on Damascus, which was disastrous
59
why was baldwin ii particularly blamed for the failure of the second crusade?
- Crusaders blamed him for providing them with bad advice; he was also seen as supportive of Guy Brisebarre, Frankish baron of Beirut, to claim Damascus whereas the crusaders wanted one of their own, Thierry of Flanders, to rule
- Conrad III blamed the Franks, including Baldwin III, for failing to support his plan to attack Ascalon
60
why did the second crusade negatively impact the crusader states?
By 1149, the crusaders had returned to Europe leaving a weakened Jerusalem; Nureddin took advantage and invaded Antioch, killing Prince Raymond at Inab June 1149 so Baldwin III became regent
61
who was prince of antioch 1111/1119-1130?
Bohemond II
62
in what ways was bohemond ii a successful leader?
- Establishing Stability
- Expansion
- Crusader Unity
63
how did bohemond ii establish stability?
1126: married Alice, second daughter of Baldwin II
64
how did bohemond ii expand antioch?
1127: besieged and captured Kafartab
65
how did bohemond ii encoruage crusader unity?
1129: Bohemond II aided Baldwin II’s unsuccessful attack on Damascus
66
in what ways was bohemond ii not a successful leader?
- 1127-30: Bohemond II and Joscelin I of Edessa refused to co-operate against Shaizar
- 1130: killed in a reckless attack against the Armenians
67
why did Bohemond II and Joscelin I of Edessa refused to co-operate against Shaizar 1127-30?
- attacked Aleppo separately but refused to cooperate in a siege
- Roger of Salerno had given away territory to Joscelin, but Bohemond did not consider these donations legitimate
- Came to open conflict between Antioch and Edessa; Joscelin allied with Muslims against Bohemond - Latin Patriarch of Antioch placed an interdict over Edessa
- Baldwin II marched north to mediate and Joscelin abandoned his claims but the opportunity to gain Aleppo ahd been lost
68
how was bohemond killed in a reckless attack against the Armenians in 1130?
- Bohemond turned north to recover Anazarbus, lost to the Christian Armenian ruler of Cilicia, Leo I
- Leo allied with the Danishmend Emir Gazi Gumushtigin against Bohemond
- Feb 1130: Bohemond's army was lured into an ambush near Mamistra - Bohemond killed
69
who had taken Anazarbus from Antioch?
Christian Armenian ruler of Cilicia, Leo I
70
who did Leo I ally with against Bohemond II?
Danishmend Emir Gazi Gumushtigin
71
WHO WAS prince of antioch 1136-49?
Raymond of Poitiers
72
how did raymond of poitiers become prince of antioch?
- After Bohemond II's death in 1130, the principality came under regency of Baldwin II (1130-31), Fulk (1131-35), and Princess Alice (1135-36) - Bohemond's widow.
- The rightful heiress was Bohemond II's daughter, Constance - against the wishes of Alice, a marriage was arranged for Constance with Raymond (younger son of William IX, Duke of Aquitaine.
73
in what way was raymond of poitiers a successful leader?
1137: submitted to Emperor John II’s overlordship which allowed him to keep the principality.
74
in what ways was raymond of poitiers not a successful leader?
- 1138: failed to co-operate with John II of Byzantium
- From 1140 onwards he pressured Joscelin II of Edessa to acknowledge him as his overlord which caused major bitterness.
- 1148: failed to co-operated with Louis VII
- 1149: defeated and killed by Nureddin at Inab
75
why did raymond of poitiers fail to co-operate with John II of Byzantium in 1138?
- John II had come to recover Cilicia from Leo of Armenia and reassert his rights over Antioch
- Raymond was forced to pay homage and promise to cede his principality as soon as he was recompensed by a new fief, which John promised to carve out for him
76
where was raymond of poitiers killed?
1149: defeated and killed by Nureddin at Inab
77
why did raymond of poitiers fail to co-operated with Louis VII in 1148?
Raymond sought to prevent Louis from going south to Jerusalem and to direct him to conquer Aleppo; These plans were rejected and Louis hastily left Antioch
78
who was count of tripoli 1112-1137?
Pons
79
who was count of tripoli 1137-1152?
Raymond II
80
in what ways was pons of tripoli a successful leader?
- 1119: Pons and Baldwin II drove the Seljuk Turks from Antioch at Hab shortly after the disaster at the Field of Blood.
- 1124: assisted in the capture of Tyre.
- 1125: Pons and Baldwin II won a decisive victory over the Muslims at the Battle of Azaz
- 1126: Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli worked together to capture Rafaniya
81
in what ways was pons of tripoli not a successful leader?
- 1119: Pons and Baldwin II were too late to aid Roger of Salerno at the Field of Blood
- 1131-2: came into conflict with Fulk
- 1137: tripoli was invaded by the sultan of damascus
82
where was pons defeated by fulk?
Pons was defeated at the battle of Rugia
83
what happened when tripoli was invaded by the sultan of damascus in 1137?
Pons captured and killed by Muslims
84
in what ways was raymond ii of tripoli a successful leader?
- 1137: married Hodierna, younger daughter of Baldwin II
- 1142-44: established the Knights Hospitaller as a force in the county
85
how did raymond ii of tripoli establish the Knights Hospitaller as a force in the county?
- gave them Krak des Chevaliers (c. 1144) as well as other smaller castles
- Hospitallers were virtually independent in the county and were often responsible for the protection of tripoli's borders, which were often raided by Damascus and Zengi's forces
86
how did the hospitallers help the county of tripoli
often responsible for the protection of tripoli's borders, which were often raided by Damascus and Zengi's forces
87
in what ways was raymond ii of tripoli not a successful leader?
- 1137: captured by Zengi at Barin
- 1148: refused co-operation to the Second Crusade
88
why was raymond ii of tripoli captured by Zengi at Barin 1137?
- Zengi besieged Barin in the territory of Tripoli; Raymond called for help from Fulk but Zengi defeated them in a pitched battle outside the castle and Raymond was captured
- Zengi continued the siege but began negotiations with Barin when he heard that further relief was on its way from Raymond of Antioch, Joscelin II of Edessa, and John II who was currently in Antioch
- Those besieged in Barin didn't know of these relief forces and agreed to hand over the castle in exchange for the release of Raymond
89
why did raymond ii of tripoli refuse co-operation to the Second Crusade in 1148?
- Raymond was a great-grandson of Raymond of Toulouse, but was descended through Bertrand of Toulouse, an illegitimate son
- When Raymond of Toulouse's legitimate son Alfonso-Jordan arrived during the second crusade, it was feared he may try to enforce his greater claim on the county
- Raymond refused to offer any assistance to the crusade because of Alfonso's involvement; Alfonso died suddenly on the way to Jerusalem, and it was immediately suspected that he was poisoned, possibly by Melisende on behalf of her sister, Hodierna
90
how was raymond ii of tripoli related to raymond of toulouse?
a great-grandson of Raymond of Toulouse, but was descended through Bertrand of Toulouse, an illegitimate son
91
who was count of edessa 1118-1131?
Joscelin I
92
who was count of edessa 1131-1144?
joscelin ii
93
in what ways was joscelin i of edessa a successful leader?
- Married Beatrice, Armenian noblewoman and daughter of Constantine I of Armenia - gave birth to Joscelin II
- 1122: married Maria after Beatrice died, the sister of Roger of Salerno, the former regent of Antioch.
- Joscelin I forged good relations with native Armenians. In 1124 the Armenians helped him escape from captivity.
- 1125: aided Baldwin II at Battle of Azaz
- 1131: Joscelin I raised the morale of his forces, leading to Muslim retreat whilst on his death bed
94
how did Joscelin I raise the morale of his forces, leading to Muslim retreat whilst on his death bed ?
- during the siege of a small castle north-east of Aleppo, a sapper's mine collapsed and Joscelin was gravely injured
- He received word that Il-Ghazi was marching against the fortress town of Kaysun
- Joscelin II refused to aid the town, so Joscelin I commanded that his own army should decamp - he was borne on a litter before the army
- when Ghazi heard of Joscelin's approach, perhaps mistakenly believing him already dead, he lifted the siege and retreated - Josclein then died
95
in what ways was joscelin i of edessa not a successful leader?
- 1122: taken prisoner by balak
- 1127-30: Bohemond II and Joscelin I of Edessa refused to co-operate against Shaizar
96
how was joscelin i of edessa rescued from balak in 1124?
rescued by 50 Armenian soldiers but the castle was soon besieged by a large Turkish force and it was decided that Joscelin should seek assistance
97
in what way was joscelin ii of edessa a successful leader?
Oct 1146: temporarily regained the city of Edessa, after Yarankash, a Frankish slave assassinated Zengi in September 1146
98
in what ways was joscelin ii of edessa not a successful leader?
- 1138: failed to co-operate with John II of Byzantium
- 1143: John II and Fulk of Jerusalem died, leaving Joscelin with no powerful allies
- Autumn 1144: formed an alliance with Kara Aslan of the Artuqids and marched a sizeable army north to assist in their struggle with Zengi
- 1144: lost the city of Edessa to Zengi
- Nov 1146: with no help from the other crusader states, lost Edessa again as Joscelin's expedition was driven out by Nureddin, Zengi's son
99
why did joscelin ii of edessa fail to co-operate with John II of Byzantium in 1138?
- allied with Antioch and John to attack Zengi but the campaign ended with the unsuccessful siege of Shaizar
- upon returning to Antioch, Joscelin exploited local sentiment against Byzantium to instigate a riot that forced John to return home
100
how did joscelin ii of edessa's alliance with kara aslan backfire?
- with the capital only lightly defended, Zengi redirected his army, invading and capturing Edessa
- Joscelin fled to Turbessel, where he held the remnants of the county west of the Euphrates
