What was the nature of the relationship between the Franks of Outremer and Indigenous populations?

Question 1

what are 3 theories for the nature of the relationship between the Franks of Outremer and Indigenous populations?

Answer 1

• Integration
• Segregation
• Toleration

Question 2

what are some limitations to the ‘integration’ relationship theory between franks and indigenous populations?

Answer 2

• Trade between the different peoples of the East had existed long before the Franks arrived on the First Crusade.
• Ibn Jubayr’s account was written much later than this early period so may reflect later developments.

Question 3

what are some limitations to the ‘separation’ relationship theory between franks and indigenous populations?

Answer 3

• The Council of Nablus occurred towards the end of this period. The fact that it went to lengths to ban relationships between Christians and Muslims may be reflect that they had been taking place.
• Greek Christians were able to hold public office in Antioch.

Question 4

what are some limitations to the ‘toleration’ relationship theory between franks and indigenous populations?

Answer 4

• Greek Christians were regarded as being part of the same Church as the Latin/Roman one, so Latin bishops were imposed on Greek Orthodox congregations.
• Some mosques, particularly those in Jerusalem, were converted into churches
• Tyre only became a part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the end of this period.

Question 5

give an example of a mosque that was converted into a church

Answer 5

The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem became the Templum Domini.

Question 6

what is the ‘integration’ relationship theory between franks and indigenous populations??

Answer 6

Franks adopted the customs and practices of the indigenous population and they had a respectful relationship.

Question 7

what evidence supports the ‘integration’ relationship theory between franks and indigenous populations??

Answer 7

• Ibn Jubayr
• Intermarriage
• Trade
• Religious unity

Question 8

how did Ibn Jubayr support the ‘integration’ relationship theory between franks and indigenous populations??

Answer 8

he visited Outremer and painted a picture of un-interrupted trade, a just legal system and a harmonious co-existence of Christians and Muslims.

Question 9

how was intermarriage an integral part of the relationship bvetween franks and indigenous populations?

Answer 9

• Intermarriage (between different faiths) seems to have been generally allowed prior to the council of Nablus in 1120. The Patriarch of Jerusalem oversaw such a marriage in 1114.
• In the County of Edessa, marriage to women of the indigenous nobility was an important way for the newcomers to cement their rule over the local populations:

Question 10

what leaders of Edessa married armenian women?

Answer 10

Baldwin I married Arda, Baldwin II married Morphia

Question 11

how does trade support the ‘integration’ relationship theory between franks and indigenous populations??

Answer 11

Although Outremer was in a near constant state of conflict between Franks and various Muslim powers, this seems to have had little impact on trade between the two groups.

Question 12

what religious unity was present between franks and indigenous populations?

Answer 12

Orthodox churches in the countryside were enlarged and altered to provide for both the Roman and the Orthodox liturgy. In some rarer examples, shrines had sections where Muslims could pray.

Question 13

what evidence supports the ‘segregation’ relationship theory between franks and indigenous populations??

Answer 13

• The Muslim population of Jerusalem was massacred when the crusaders took the city in 1099. Muslims were not permitted to live in Jerusalem.
• The Cour de la Fonde
• The Franks imposed their feudal culture (and their superior position within it) on to the indigenous populations.
• Tyreman argues that the Franks had little knowledge of their subjects, failing to distinguish between different Christian groups.
• Arnulf, Patriarch of Jerusalem, initially banned non-Latin priests from the Holy Sepulchre.
• Ecclesiastical law enforced the separation of Franks and Muslims.
• The decrees of the Council of Nablus (1120) forbid marriage between Christians and Muslims:
• Muslims were prohibited from wearing Frankish clothing.
• The subject peoples of the kingdom of Jerusalem, whether Christian or Muslim, played no role in the public life of the state – they had no representation in government.

Question 14

how did the Cour de la Fonde show prejudice ?

Answer 14

in its composition and in the assizes against Muslims.

Question 15

who initially banned non-Latin priests from the Holy Sepulchre.?

Answer 15

Arnulf, Patriarch of Jerusalem

Question 16

what evidence supports the ‘toleration’ relationship theory between franks and indigenous populations??

Answer 16

• The subject peoples enjoyed autonomy in self-government through their own courts and following their own laws:
• Indigenous Christian groups (such as ‘Syrians’, Armenians, Jacobites, Copts and Maronites) were largely permitted to observe their own customs and traditions:
• Muslims were allowed to practice their faith and to worship:

Question 17

give an example that The subject peoples enjoyed autonomy in self-government through their own courts and following their own laws

Answer 17

Muslim villages were allowed to appoint a headman (ra’is) to supervise the administration of Islamic law.

Question 18

give evidence that Muslims were allowed to practice their faith and to worship:

Answer 18

The mosque in Tyre was in full Muslim possession even after the city’s capture in 1124.