Why were relations poor between Latins and Byzantines by 1149? Flashcards
(21 cards)
what are 3 main reasons for the poor relations between latins and byzantines by 1149?
- Long-Term Events
- Poor relations with Emperor John II (1118-1143)
- The Second Crusade
what long-term events contributed to the poor relations between latins and byzantines by 1149?
- Events before the First Crusade
- The bitterness of the First Crusade still haunted relations.
- Actions of Bohemond
- Religiouos imposition
what events before the first crusade contibuted to poor relations between latins and byzantines by 1149?
- Cultural differences.
- Filoque Clause and the Great Schism (1054).
- Norman attacks on Bari (1071), Dyrrachium (1081) and Corfu (1081-84) + Papal support for Robert Guiscard
what events during the firt crusade contributed to poor relations between latins and byzantines by 1149?
the actions of the crusaders, Alexius I’s role at Nicaea (1097) and failure to join them.
how did bohemond’s actions contribute to poor relations between latins and byzantines by 1149?
- The decision of Bohemond to keep possession of Antioch after its capture (1098) was key to the poor relations with Alexius and subsequent Byzantine emperors.
- Upon his release from captivity in 1104 Bohemond returned to Western Europe and gained papal support for a military campaign against the Byzantines.
why was The decision of Bohemond to keep possession of Antioch after its capture key to the poor relations with byzantium?
- The city was heavily populated by Greeks and was regarded by the Byzantines as a key part of their defences.
- Bohemond replaced the Greek patriarch of Antioch (John the Oxite) with a Latin one (Bernard of Valence).
how did the actions of tancred contribute to poor relations between latins and byzantines by 1149?
- Tancred (regent in Antioch after Bohemond was captured in 1101) was determined to expand the Principality of Antioch
- 1101: captured Mamistra, Adana and Tarsus
- 1103: captured the key Byzantine port of Lattakieh
- (Byzantines recaptured them after the Franks were defeated by Muslims at Harran in 1104).
what was the impact of bohemond’s crusade on relations between latins and byzantines?
‘Bohemond’s Crusade’ was crushed and he was forced to sign a humiliating treaty (Devol, 1108) acknowledging Byzantine overlordship and the return of the Greek patriarch. He died soon after, however, and Tancred refused to accept it.
how did the latins impose religiously on byzantines?
Custody of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem passed from Greek Christians to Latins. Latin bishops were imposed on Orthodox priests and a tax was levied on indigenous Muslims, Jews and Christians.
why were relations poor with emperor john ii?
- He refused to confirm his father’s 1082 treaty with Venice in 1118 (as well as the lesser privileges the Pisans had acquired in 1111).
- John II was determined to restore Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Syria:
- John II began actively intervening in Outremer 1137-38:
what was the impact of john ii’s refusal to confirm his father’s 1082 treaty with Venice in 1118 ?
- Winter 1122-23: In retaliation, the Venetian fleet, sent to undertake the Venetian crusade, unsuccessfully besieged the Byzantine Island of Corfu
- Winter 1124-25: the Venetian fleet that returned from the capture of Tyre plundered Rhodes, Chios, Samos, Lesbos, Andros and captured Kefalonia in the Ionian Sea.
- John II was not expecting the attack and had no fleet in the area (He had prioritised the build up of his armies over the navy to aid him in his military campaigns in Anatolia) and was therefore unable to intervene.
what were relations between byzantium and venice like by 1126?
August 1126: John II signed a treaty with Venice restoring all of their original commercial privileges from the 1082 agreement (the Pisans also had their privileges restored). But John II also exempted all Byzantine merchants who bought or sold anything from or to the Venetians from the Kommerkion.
how did John II attempt to restore Byzantine authority in Anatolia and Syria:?
- 1130 & 1135: He campaigned against the Danishmends in Anatolia
- 1137: He conquered Tarsus, Adana, and Mamistra from the Principality of Armenian Cilicia & 1138: Prince Levon I of Armenia and most of his family were brought as captives to Constantinople
- After the Field of Blood (1119), the remaining Franks of Antioch were in fear of the Greek population of the city because of how badly they had previously treated them which increased John II’s desire to regain control over the city.
how did John II begin actively intervening in Outremer 1137-38:?
- 1137: Prince Raymond of Poitiers (Antioch) acknowledged that he was the emperor’s vassal
- 1138: John II arrived in Antioch in triumph
- It was established that if, with the help of the Franks, John II decisively defeated the Turks then Raymond of Antioch would receive a principality consisting of Aleppo, Shaizar, Hama and Homs instead of Antioch.
what happened at the 1138 siege of shaizar?
- 1138: John II besieged Shaizar with Raymond of Antioch and Joscelin II of Edessa.
- The two Franks had no interest in taking the city if it meant losing Antioch to the Byzantines and the siege collapsed.
- John II was disgusted with their attitude, broke off the siege and took possession of Antioch.
- Raymond secretly incited a revolt by the Franks of Antioch which forced John II to leave.
- John II left the region but swore he would return to reassert his rights. He died before he could do so.
how did the second crusade impact relations between latins and byzantines by 1149?
- The crusaders believed that the Byzantines were working against them.
- Manuel failed to provide the degree of support enjoyed by the First Crusade.
- Lack of effective Byzantine support was important as both the Germans and the French suffered their heaviest losses in Anatolia, a territory that had been overcome by the First Crusade largely due to Byzantine support.
why did the 2nd crusaders believe that the Byzantines were working against them?
- They discovered that Manuel had made a twelve-year truce with the Seljuk Turks.
- They alleged that the guides provided by Manuel led the army on the wrong road, and then abandoned it to attacks by the Turks.
why had Manuel made a twelve-year truce with the Seljuk Turks?
This was largely a matter of necessity as Manuel faced a continuous series of attacks in his western territories by the Normans of Sicily
why was it not impossible that Manuel had encouraged attacks by turks on 2nd crusaders?
in order to weaken the passing crusader armies so that they would have no opportunity to attack Byzantine territory, Alexius and Manuel had both ordered attacks on their armies in the Balkans
how did Manuel fail to provide the degree of support enjoyed by the First Crusade, during the 2nd crusade?
He did not commit considerable military force or logistical support in the form of a Byzantine fleet.
what are some limitations to the impact of the second crusade on relations between latins and byzantines by 1149?
- The Byzantine emperor had not asked for assistance and Manuel had given advice to the crusaders that had been ignored (particularly regarding the route).
- Manuel was unwilling to break his truce with the Seljuks or provide military and naval support, but this was largely due to the fact that he was facing invasion by his fellow Christians, the Normans, in the west. - The Normans captured Corfu in 1147.
- Conrad III forged an excellent relationship with Manuel I that outlasted the crusade.
