Why were the crusader states successfully established by 1131? Flashcards
(59 cards)
1
Q
what are 3 main reasons why the crusader states were successfully established by 1131?
A
- Strong Frankish Leadership
- Disunity of Muslim Opponents
- Assistance from the Latin West
2
Q
what are some examples/aspects of strong frankish leadership which meant the crusader states were est. by 1131?
A
- Leaders
- Castle building
- Exploitation of Trade routes
- Exploitation of Indigenous population
3
Q
what actions did Baldwin I of Jerusalem take that show strong leadership?
A
- Successfully defeated the Fatimids at the First (1101) and Third (1105) battles of Ramlah.
- Captured most of the coast and port cities e.g. Arsuf and Caesarea (1101) Acre (1104), Beirut and Sidon (1110)
- His intervention forced Mawdud of Mosul to abandon the siege of Edessa (1110) and Turbessel (1111).
- He led an expedition into Oultrejordain (1115).
4
Q
where did Baldwin I lead an expedition to?
A
Oultrejordain
5
Q
what territory did Baldwin I capture?
A
Arsuf and Caesarea (1101) Acre (1104), Beirut and Sidon (1110)
6
Q
what actions did Baldwin II of Jerusalem take that show strong leadership?
A
- 1115: achieved victory (as Count of Edessa) with Roger of Salerno against Bursuq at Sarmin (Tell Danith)
- 1120: established the legal system of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Council of Nablus
- He intervened to support the other crusader states
- 1126: led a major military victory against the Seljuk Tuar
7
Q
who did Baldwin II defeat, with Roger of Salerno, at Tell Danith?
A
Bursuq
8
Q
how did Baldwin II intervene to support other crusader states?
A
- 1119: saved Antioch after the Battle of the Field of Blood with a victory at Hab and establishment of regency.
- He took over the regency of Antioch again in 1130-31.
- In 1120-23 he repeatedly intervened to protect Antioch and Edessa (leading to his capture in April 1123).
- defeated Turks at the Battle of Azaz (1125).
- He captured Rafaniya (1126) and defeated Tughtegin at the battle of Marj as-Suffar
9
Q
what actions did Tancred of Antioch take that show strong leadership?
A
- He acted as regent of Antioch during the long imprisonment and absence of Bohemond
- He greatly expanded the territory of Antioch e.g. Tarsus, Latakia.
- He defeated Muslim opponents e.g. 1105 – Victor of the Battle of Artah
- He intervened to support the other crusader states
- 1104 – Took control over Edessa when its count was captured (but was reluctant to hand it back later)
10
Q
what actions did Pons of Tripoli take that show strong leadership?
A
- Allied with Baldwin II to rescue Antioch after the Field of Blood and defeated Il-Ghazi at Hab (1119).
- 1124: helped to capture Tyre, working with the Venetian Crusade and Patriarch Warmund of Jerusalem (who was overall commander due to Baldwin II’s captivity).
11
Q
how were castles used by the Franks?
A
- Multi-functional buildings and their roles might be defensive, offensive (threatening the enemy), administrative, judicial, for accommodation, as a demonstration of power, and as a place of refuge.
- They acted as replacement for lack of manpower.
12
Q
what castles did Baldwin I build?
A
Baldwin I built Toron (1105), Montreal (1115), Scandalion (1117)
13
Q
what castle did Baldwin II build?
A
Baldwin II built Mons Glavianus (1125)
14
Q
how did the Franks Exploit Trade routes?
A
Many of the cities conquered by the crusaders were on important trade routes - particularly Antioch, Acre and Tyre; they were able to tax the trade in these commercial centres.
15
Q
how did the Franks Exploit Indigenous populations?
A
- Syrian Christians who lived in Oultrejordain were invited to settle in Jerusalem to replenish the population by Baldwin I.
- Muslim populations largely left to run themselves but used as labour and taxed.
- Armenian Christian population of Edessa recruited to fight.
- Some intermarriage among leadership to establish local support
16
Q
who did Baldwin I invite to settle in Jerusalem?
A
Syrian Christians who lived in Oultrejordain
17
Q
why did Baldwin I invite Syrian Christians who lived in Oultrejordain to settle in Jerusalem?
A
to replenish the population
18
Q
give an example of intermarriage between local populations and the Franks
A
Baldwin I married Arda and Baldwin II married Morphia (both Armenians).
19
Q
what are some limittaions to the theory that is was strong Frankish leadership that meant the crusader states were well est. by 1131?
A
- There was instability and succession crisis in County of Tripoli until 1109.
- Baldwin I’s bigamous marriage to Adelaide of Sicily (1112-1117) caused major tensions
- Major military failures
- Captivity of Frankish leaders
- Conflict/rivalry between crusaders
20
Q
why was there a succession crisis in Tripoli until 1109?
A
- Raymond of Tripoli’s death led to a succession crisis in the territories he had taken
- William-Jordan was Raymond IV’s cousin and was supported by Tancred vs Bertrand was Raymond IV’s illegitimate son and was supported by Baldwin I of Jerusalem (Bertrand arrived in the Near East with a substantial army and a large Genoese fleet)
- Baldwin I created a partition treaty; William was to hold northern Tripoli, including Arqah, and pay homage to Tancred and Bertrand would hold south Tripoli as a vassal of Baldwin
21
Q
why did Baldwin I’s bigamous marriage to Adelaide of Sicily cause major tensions?
A
- erm it was bigamous and people in jerusalem thought that was a no-no
- the annulment of it (1117) led the Normans of Sicily to hate him
22
Q
what major military failures did the franks experience 1100-1120?
A
- Second Battle of Ramlah (1102)
- Harran (1104)
- al-Sannabra (1113)
- Field of Blood (1119)
23
Q
what frankish leaders were captured 1100-1124?
A
- Bohemond (1100-1103)
- Baldwin II of Edessa (1104-1108)
- Joscelin I of Edessa (1122-24)
- Baldwin II of Jerusalem (1123-24)
24
Q
where was baldwin ii captured in 1104?
A
harran
25
for how many years was baldwin ii capturd in 1104?
4
26
for how many years was bohemond captured in 1100?
3
27
for how many years was joscelin i of edessa captured in 1122?
2
28
for how many years was baldwin i captured in 1123?
1
29
who captured josclein i of edessa in 1122?
balak
30
what conflict between crusaders was there, early in the states' est.?
Tancred/Raymond, Bohemond II/Joscelin II, Pons/Baldwin II, Baldwin II/Tancred
31
why was there conflict between tancred and raymond of toulouse?
1102: captured Raymond of Toulouse and refused to release him until he swore not to conquer territories between Antioch and Acre
32
why was there conflict between bohemond ii and joscelin ii?
- the years after 1127 were marked by conflicts with Joscelin I of Edessa and skrimishes in the northern border
- Roger of Salerno had given terriotry to Joscelin, but Bohemond did not consider these donations legitimate
- Bohemond and Joscelin attacked Edessa separately but refused to cooperate in a larger siege
- Joscelin allied with the Muslims against Bohemond
- The Latin Patriarch of Antioch placed an interdict (mass spiritual punishment) over Edessa
- Baldwin II marched north to deal with the dispute and Joscelin abandoned his claims, but the chance to gain Aleppo had been lost
33
why was there conflict between pons and baldwin ii?
- Pons established his independence from Jerusalem 1120-22 and there was nearly violence with Baldwin II.
- January 1120: refused to attend Council of Nablus to assert his independence
- Soon, tensions between K. of Jerusalem and C. of Tripoli flared up; Fulcher of Chartres recorded in 1122 that Pons refused to give Baldwin II is obedience, so Baldwin gathered his army at Acre and marched to Tripoli
- It is likely that Pons disobedience began as a refusal to take part in one of Baldwin's many military expeditions and were perhaps related to Baldwin's attempts to rule over Tripoli
- Conflict in Tripoli could have sparked civil war
34
why was there conflict between tancred and baldwin ii?
- When Baldwin II of Edessa was capured, Tancred became regent but was reluctant to return Edessa to Baldwin II when he was released from captivity in 1108. Tancred allied with Ridwan of Aleppo..
- 1108: baldwin ii made an alliance with Chavli of Mosul and fought Tancred for Edessa at Turbessel (he regained the county)
35
how were muslim opponents divided, during the establishment of the crusader states?
- Seljuk Turks divided
- Fatimids’ poor military strength
- The role of the Assassins (Nizari Shia splinter group)
36
why were seljuk turks divided 1100-1131?
- Sultans in Baghdad in power struggles, so largely uninterested in Syria and Palestine until 1140
- Seljuks were willing to ally with Franks against each other
- Turkish leaders were seeking to avoid domination by Seljuk Sultan
37
what power struggles did the sultans in baghdad have until at least 1120?
- Sultan Barkiyaruq was in dispute with his half-brother Muhammad until his death 1105.
- 1105: Malik Shah II was killed shortly after becoming sultan
- Muhammed II was distracted by a war with the Nizari (Assassins) until 1118.
38
who was sultan Barkiyaruq was in dispute with until 1105?
his half-brother Muhammad
39
who was Muhammed II distracted by a war with until 1118?
the Nizari
40
give an example of when Seljuks were willing to ally with Franks against each other
1108: Ridwan allied with Tancred against Jawuli of Mosul (who was allied with Baldwin II of Edessa) at Tell Basir.
41
how did Turkish leaders seek to avoid domination by Seljuk Sultan 1100-1131?
- 1109: Tughtegin of Damascus established his independence
- 1118: Il-Ghazi of Aleppo established his independence
42
43
how did il-ghazi's death impact the threat the muslims posed to outremer?
1122: Il Ghazi died and his sons divided up his domains between them; in many ways this made northern Muslim powers more divided and less dangerous.
44
how did balak's death impact the threat the muslims posed to outremer?
- Balak’s death highlighted the limitations of Muslim unity; he was killed whilst besieging the fortress of a rebel vassal.
- Balak’s successor in Aleppo, Timurtash, showed no interest in war against the Franks; was more concerned with taking territories of his deceased brother Suleiman near Mardin far to the east of Outremer.
45
The rise of Zengi from 1127 impact the threat the muslims posed to outremer?
it was weakened as he provoked much opposition within the Muslim world (especially from Buri of Damascus in 1131).
46
why was the fatimid's military strength weak?
- They were usually without support from Seljuks due to the religious divide.
- The Egyptian fleet became more restricted as the Levantine coast was conquered by the Franks
47
give examples showing the weakness of fatimid's military, despite larger numbers
Easily defeated at First (1101), Third Battles of Ramlah (1105) and Yibneh (1123) despite larger numbers.
48
how did the assassins weaken mulsim opposition to the crusader states?
- Assassination of strong Muslim leaders
49
which strong muslim leaders did the nizari assassinate?
- Seljuk Turks: Emir of Homs (1103), Emir of Apamea (1106) Mawdud of Mosul (1113), Aq Sonqur (1126)
- Fatimids: al- Afdal (1121)
50
what are some limitations to the theory that it was muslim disunity that allowed the crusader states to become successfully established by 1131?
- Mawdud of Mosul sent by Seljuk Sultan to fight the Franks
- Tughtegin of Damascus worked with Mawdud of Mosul at al-Sannabra (1113).
- Il-Ghazi framed Field of Blood as ‘jihad’ victory.
- Zengi united Mosul and Aleppo (1128).
51
when was Mawdud of Mosul sent by Seljuk Sultan to fight the Franks?
1110 (Edessa and Antioch), 1112 (Edessa).
52
what assistance from the west helped the establishment of the crusader states by 1131?
- Italian City-States
- Minor crusades/armed pilgrimages
- Military Orders
53
what are some limitations to the theory that it was assistance from the west that helped the establishment of the crusader states by 1131?
- The Italian city-states extracted heavy tax exemptions as the price of their support which impacted on the finances of the crusader states.
- Armed pilgrimages and minor crusades were unreliable and often focused on the area around Jerusalem– they largely ignored northern states (especially Edessa)
- The military orders were very small in numbers by this period – the Templars were only established in 1119.
54
what minor successes did crusades have in the establishment of the crusader states by 1131?
Norwegian Crusade - Sidon, Venetian crusade – Tyre, Damascus Crusade – Banias and tribute
55
how did military orders help the establishment of the crusader states by 1131?
New military orders (the Hospitallers and the Templars) were an important source of revenue as western Christians donated wealth to them. This wealth was used to build castles in the east.
56
how did italian city states help the establishment of the crusader states by 1131?
Support from fleets vital to the blockade and capture of the Levantine ports
57
how did pisa aid the establishment of the crusader states by 1131?
- 1099 - Pisa helped to capture Jaffa (K. of Jerusalem)
- 1100 - Pisa aided the attempt to conquer Latakia (P. of Antioch)
58
how did genoa aid the establishment of the crusader states by 1131?
- 1101 - Genoa aided in conquest of Arsuf and Caesarea (K. of Jerusalem)
- 1102 - Genoa helped to capture Tortosa (C. of Tripoli)
- 1103 - Genoa helped to capture of Jebail (C. of Tripoli) and capture of Lattakieh (P. of Antioch)
- 1104 - Genoa aided in the conquest of Acre (K. of Jerusalem)
- 1109 - Genoese and Provencal fleets aided the capture of Tripoli (C. of Tripoli)
59
how did venice aid the establishment of the crusader states by 1131?
- 1110 - Venice aided the capture of Sidon (K. of Jerusalem)
- 1124 - Venice aided in the capture of Tyre (K. of Jerusalem)
