How successful was crusading 1095-1129? Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
what were Urban II’s original motivations for crusading?
A
- a desire to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land
- the wish to aid Byzantium and improve relations
- the diversion of Christian violence against muslims
- the increase in the power of the papacy
2
Q
why was the 1101 crusade sent?
A
- The first appeal to the West in 1101 was really a continuation of the First Crusade; throughout the expedition, crusaders were aware of people in Europe who had taken the cross but failed to set out
- Given their own losses, the crusaders sent a series of messages urging their co-religionists to join them and papal letters restated this point, threatening shame and excommunication on those who did not fulfil their vows
- A second spur was provided by the news of the capture of Jerusalem; God’s apparent blessing of the crusade prompted a flood of people hoping to benefit - Godfrey of Bouillon, almost certainly for propaganda purposes, boasted of the vast fortune he had acquired
3
Q
who made up the 2 main armies of the 1101 crusade?
A
a Franco-Lombard army of Italians, N. French, and Burgundians, and an Aquitanian-Bavarian force led by Duke Welf IV of Bavaria and Duke William IX of Aquitaine
4
Q
where did the 1101 crusade gather in june 1101?
A
nicomedia
5
Q
how many ships and men did the norwegian crusade set off with?
A
60 ships and ~5000 men
6
Q
where did Sigurd and his men stay over winter 1106 until spring 1107?
A
england under henry i
7
Q
where did Sigurd and his men stay over winter 1108?
A
Santiago de Compostela
8
Q
where did Sigurd and his men arrive in spring 1109?
A
Sicily
9
Q
who did Sigurd and his men meet in scicily 1109?
A
the ruling Count Roger II, only 12-13 years old
10
Q
where did Sigurd and his men arrive in summer 1110?
A
acre
11
Q
who did Sigurd and his men meet in jerusalem 1110?
A
the ruling Frankish king Baldwin I
12
Q
how was the norwegian crusade welcomed to jerusalem 1110?
A
were given many treasures and relics including a splinter of the True Cross in return of a promise to continue to promote Christianity
13
Q
why was the venetian crusade sent?
A
- Following the Field of Blood 1119, Baldwin II asked for help from Pope Callixtus II who, preoccupied with the Investiture Controversy, passed the request on to the Republic of Venice
- Terms of crusade agreed through negitation between envoys of Baldwin II and doge of Venice
14
Q
how did the pope approve of the venetian crusade?
A
Pope Callixtus II sent them his papal banner to signify his approval; at the First Council of the Lateran he confirmed that the Venetians had crusader privileged, including remission of sins as well as the extension of the church’s protection to the families and property of the crusaders
15
Q
how were crusaders 1095-1129 successful in their desire to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land/gaining land?
A
- The First Crusade conquered major Muslim-controlled cities in the east including Edessa (1097), Antioch (1098) and Jerusalem (1099).
- The crusaders established four ‘crusader states’ between 1099 and 1109 to defend their holy places (Kingdom of Jerusalem, Principality of Antioch, County of Edessa, County of Tripoli)
16
Q
which critical places did the first crusade conquer for christianity?
A
Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre, was liberated (July 1099) allowing for access to the pilgrim sites.
17
Q
how did the 1101 crusade help in the establishment of the crusader states?
A
- The 1101 crusade’s involvement at Ramlah and Jaffa was a significant contribution towards the survival of the fledgling kingdom of Jerusalem; some of these crusaders also remained in the Levant as settlers
- (Aristocratic) Remnants of the crusade of 1101 helped Raymond of Toulouse capture Tortosa
18
Q
which battles did the remnants of the 1101 crusade participate in?
A
Ramlah May 1102, Jaffa 1102
19
Q
how did the 1101 crusade help at the 2nd battle of ramlah and jaffa?
A
at Ramlah they provided a large cavalry contingent, and at Jaffa they brought infantry
20
Q
which crusader leader did the 1101 crusade help to capture tortosa?
A
raymond of toulouse
21
Q
where did the 1101 crusade help raymond of toulouse to capture?
A
tortosa
22
Q
how did Bohemond’s 1108 crusade help to establish the crusader states?
A
When Bohemond was released from captivity, he resolved to bolster the long-term security of Antioch against Muslim and Byzantine threats by seeking support from the West (pope and then in France and England)
23
Q
how did Bohemond seek support for the west before his 1108 crusade?
A
- As a leader of the First crusade and an accomplished warrior, Bohemond enjoyed a tremendous welcome in Europe late 1105
- Contacted Pope Paschal II in Italy and by N. France, he was accompanied by a papal legate to raise support for a new crusade
- Recruited a large army to follow him, part of which continued on to Jerusalem where some men settled
24
Q
who did bohemond marry? why was he able to?
A
New-found status meant he could seek an influential bride; 1106 married Constance, daughter of King Philip I of France - cemented his prestige and established the ruling house of Antioch as one of real standing
25
what was the impact of bohemond's marriage to constance, daughter of king philip i of france?
- gained western support for outremer
- cemented his prestige and established the ruling house of Antioch as one of real standing
26
how did the norwegian crusade help to establish the crusader states?
- 1108: The Norwegian crusade captured the fortress of Sintra from Muslims in Spain (Muslim Al-Andalus)
- The successes of the Norwegians in the Balearic Islands encouraged/inspired the Catalan-Pisan conquest of them in 1113-15
- Late 1110: The Norwegian crusade assisted in the successful capture of Sidon and therefore the subsequent establishment of the Lordship of Sidon
27
what happened when The Norwegian crusade captured the fortress of Sintra from Muslims in Spain?
they took the castle and killed every man there, as they had refused to be christened
28
what did The successes of the Norwegians in the Balearic Islands encourage?
the Catalan-Pisan conquest of them in 1113-15
29
what successes did the norwegians have in the balearic islands?
- early 1109: after another victorious battle against pirates when sailing through the Strait of Gibraltar, they sailed into the Mediterranean and arrived at the Balearics
- Arrived first at Formentera and encountered Saracens; after this battle, the Norwegians supposedly acquired the greatest treasures they ever had
- Successfully attacked Ibiza and Minorca
30
why is the norwegian crusade so significant, in terms of their attacks on the balearics?
Norwegian raids are the first recorded Christian attacks on the Islamic Balearics
31
where did the norwegian crusade first arrive in the balearics?
formentera
32
where did the norwegian crusade successfully attack in the balearics?
formentera, ibiza, minorca
33
why didn't the norwegian crusade attack majorca?
as at the time it was the most prosperous and well-fortified centre of an independent taifa kingdom
34
how did the venetian crusade help in the establishment of the crusader states?
1124: The Venetian crusading fleet played a major role in the capture of Tyre
35
how did the venetian crusading fleet help to capture tyre 1124?
Tyre surrendered, after being completely encircled by the fleet and besieged for more than a year, on 7 July 1124
36
how did the damascus crusade help in the establishment of the crusader states?
The Damascus crusade captured Banias and secured regular tribute from Damascus.
37
where did the damascus crusade capture?
banias
38
where did the damascus crusade secure regular tribute from?
damascus
39
how were crusaders 1095-1129 successful in their wish to aid Byzantium and improve relations?
- The First Crusade aided Byzantium by recapturing Nicaea (1097) and much of Anatolia for the Byzantines.
- Apart from logistic help, Alexius offered the 1101 crusaders a veteran commander in Raymond of Toulouse, who had been the emperor's guest since summer of 1100, suggesting relations between the two men were improved
40
how did the first crusade aid byzantium?
by recapturing Nicaea (1097) and much of Anatolia for the Byzantines.
41
what suggests that relations between raymond of toulouse and alexius i had much improved by 1102?
he had been the emperor's guest since summer of 1100
42
how were crusades 1095-1129 successful in the diversion of Christian violence against muslims?
- Remnants of the 1101 crusade contributed to the Frankish forces at the second battle of Ramlah in 1102 and fought again against Fatimid forces at Jaffa.
- First Crusade Military Successes
- Norwegian Crusade military successes
- The Venetian crusade consisted of a large fleet of 120 ships and over 15,000 men
43
what was a major military success for the first crusade?
dorylaeum
44
how many battles did the crusaders lose during the norwegian crusade?
none
45
how did sigurd acquire 8 ships on his way to jerusalem?
Norwegians encountered pirate fleet of galleys seeking peaceful trading ships to rob; Sigurd stormed their ships and, after a short while, all the pirates were slain or escaped and Sigurd had acquired 8 ships
46
where did the norwegian crusade enjoy military successes?
- 1108: The Norwegian crusade defeated Muslim enemies at Lisbon and Alkasse
- 1109: The Norwegian crusade defeated Muslim opponents on the Spanish islands (Balearics) of Formentera, Ibiza and Minorca
47
who led the venetian crusade?
their doge, Dominico Michiel
48
how many ships and men were a part of the venetian crusade?
120 ships and over 15,000 men
49
give an example of a military success of the venetian crusade
May 1123: it intercepted and destroyed a Fatimid fleet - had abandoned a blockade of Jaffa and was returning to its base at Ascalon so Venetians surrounded and destroyed them
50
how were crusades 1095-1129 successful in increasing the power of the papacy?
The 1101 expedition provided an opportunity for those who had deserted the main armies 1097-98, or had not accpompanied them, to return to the Levant and complete their vows e.g. Stephen of Blois
51
how was crusading 1095-1129 unsuccessful in fulfilling a desire to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land/gaining land
- The People's Crusade were trapped in Xerigordon
- 1096: The People’s Crusade was destroyed by Kilij Arslan’s Seljuk Turks at Civetot
- First Crusade failed to gain Arqah
- August 1101: a large part of the crusade of that year was destroyed by the Turks at Mersivan.
- 1101: the crusading forces of William of Nevers were destroyed by the Seljuks at Ereghli, as was a large crusading force composed of Aquitanians and Bavarians.
- 1107-8: Bohemond’s crusade was defeated by the Byzantines and he was forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Devol, forcing him to surrender Cilicia and become a Byzantine vassal.
- 1109: The Norwegian crusade did not attack the Muslims of Majorca in the Balearics
- The Damascus crusade failed to capture Damascus.
52
how was the people's crusade unsuccessful in fulfilling a desire to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land/gaining land
- The People's Crusade were trapped in Xerigordon
- 1096: The People’s Crusade was destroyed by Kilij Arslan’s Seljuk Turks at Civetot
53
where were the people's crusade trapped?
zerigordon
54
how was the people's crusade destroyed?
- 1096: The People’s Crusade was destroyed by Kilij Arslan’s Seljuk Turks at Civetot
55
how was the first crusade unsuccessful in fulfilling a desire to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land/gaining land
First Crusade failed to gain Arqah
56
how was the 1101 crusade unsuccessful in fulfilling a desire to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land/gaining land
- August 1101: a large part of the crusade of that year was destroyed by the Turks at Mersivan.
- 1101: the crusading forces of William of Nevers were destroyed by the Seljuks at Ereghli, as was a large crusading force composed of Aquitanians and Bavarians.
57
where was a large part of the 1101 crusade destroyed?
by the Turks at Mersivan.
58
where was the crusading forces of William of Nevers destroyed ?
by the Seljuks at Ereghli,
59
who defeated bohemond's crusade?
the byzantines
60
what happened after bohemond's crusade was destroyed by the byzantines?
he was forced to sign the humiliating Treaty of Devol, forcing him to surrender Cilicia and become a Byzantine vassal.
61
how was crusading 1095-1129 unsuccessful aiding Byzantium and improving relations
- Poor behaviour of People’s Crusade against Hungarians and Byzantines.
- Relations between Byzantines and First Crusaders were tense
- 1098: Relations between the Byzantines and First crusaders soured after they refused to return Antioch to Alexius I
- Raymond of Toulouse was a guest of Emperor Alexius I at the beginning of the 1101 crusade as he had been welcomed as an ally against the Norman rulers of Antioch
- 1107-8: Bohemond’s crusade was targeted against the Byzantines which worsened already poor relations
- The Venetian crusade unsuccessfully sought to capture the Byzantine island of Corfu further embittering relations.
62
how did the people's crusade worsen relations?
- after running out of money and food, Count Emicho's men began to pillage Hungarian land; much of the army was killed by Hungarians
- Walter Sans-Avoir had issues at Belgrade
- Peter the Hermit had issues at Zemun and Belgrade and Nish
- Failure to work with the Byzantines
63
what issues did walter sans-avoir have at belgrade?
- Belgrade commander taken by surprise - had no orders on what to do - and refused entry; crusaders pillaged countryside for food
- crusaders had skirmishes with Belgrade garrison; 16 of Walter's men tried to rob a market in Zemun and were stripped of their armour and clothing
64
what issues did peter the hermit have at zemun?
At Zemun crusaders became suspicious (saw Walter's 16 suits of armour hanging from the walls) and a dispute over the price of a pair of shoes led to a riot and an all-out assault on the city by the crusaders; 4000 hungarians killed
65
what issues did peter the hermit have at belgrade?
- Crusaders fled across the river Sava to Belgrade after skirmishing with Belgrade troops
- Belgrade residents fled and crusaders pillaged and burned the city
66
what issues did peter the hermit have at nish?
- tsome Germans got into a dispute with locals along the road and set fire to mill; eventually Nish sent out its entire garrison against the crusaders
- crusaders routed - lost 10000 (1/4) and the remainder regrouped further on at Bela Palanka
67
why were Relations between Byzantines and First Crusaders tense?
- Alexius was suspicious after his experience with the People's Crusade and because the knights included his enemy, Bohemond (Bohemond had invaded Byzantine territory with his father, Robert Guiscard)
- Alexius requested the leaders swear fealty to him and promise to return any land recovered from the Turks, in return for food and supplies
- 1098: Relations between the Byzantines and First crusaders soured after they refused to return Antioch to Alexius I
68
how did bohemond's crusade worsen relations with byzantium?
- Bohemond had been a long-term adversary of the Byzantines and intended to take the initiative by invading them and asserting his rights to act freely in N. Syria
- Oct 1107: Bohemond sailed for W. Greece and besieged port of Durazzo. Was soon defeated.
- by 1108 treaty of Devol he became an imperial vassal, relinquished his lands in Cilicia, and was forced to accept the principle of the restoration of a Greek Orthodox patriarch in Antioch. Was also granted Aleppo in fief should the Christians capture it.
- Bohemond returned to Italy and died 1112: Tancred ruled Antioch in his absence and rejected the Treaty of Devol
- Tancred’s refusal to accept the Treaty of Devol worsened relations with the Byzantines even further.
69
was the papacy aware of the aims of bohemond's crusade?
the full spiritual rewards offered for these campaigns, and the presence of papal legate Bruno of Segni, indicated papal awareness of this aim
70
why was bohemond's crusade so significant?
A crusade preached against Christians was a significant development in the history of crusading ideas; Urban II's concept of an expedition to free the Holy Sepulchre from the forces of Islam had, in just over a decade, been adapted to include warfare against fellow Christians
71
how did the Venetian crusade further embitter relations with byzantium?
- John II Komnenos had refused to honour trading privileges that Alexius had granted to Venetians after Byzantine's war with Normans as the Venetians had conquered Corfu for Byzantium - they now meant to have it back
- Winter 1122/23: Venetians unsuccessfully besieged the island's defences
72
how was crusading 1095-1129 unsuccessful in the diversion of Christian violence against muslims
- The People’s Crusade stirred up anti-Semitism in Europe leading to pogroms in Germany that were against papal intentions.
- Internal divisions during People's Crusade
- A much depleted crusader army reached Jerusalem spring 1102 and, whilst providing a large cavalry contingent for the Battle of Ramlah in May, many men (including Stephen of Blois) died there
- The Norwegian crusade of 1108 attacked fellow Christians at Santiago de Compostela in Spain in winter 1108.
73
how was crusading 1095-1129 unsuccessful in increasing the power of the papacy
The 1101 crusade achieved little considering the numbers (~10000 men in the Franco-Lombard army alone). Its failure deterred many Latin Christians.
74
what were the Internal divisions during People's Crusade ?
In Asia Minor, crusaders began to pillage towns and reached Nicomedia - argument between Germans and Italians vs French where Germans and Italians split and elected new leader, Rainald whilst Geoffrey Burel took control of French meaning Peter had effectively lost control and much of his authority
75
why did The Norwegian crusade of 1108 attack fellow Christians at Santiago de Compostela in Spain in winter 1108?
a shortage of food caused the local lord to refuse to sell goods to the Norwegians; Sigurd gathered his army, attacked the lord's army, and looted what they could
76
why did the main section of the 1101 crusade fail?
- Raymond of Toulouse and Stephen of Blois argued for a march in the footsteps of the 1097 campaign, but were overruled by the Lombards who determined to attempt the rescue of Bohemond from the Danishmends, held at Niksar north-east Anatolia
- Turks avoided battles and presented a more united front, as the Danishmends were joined by troops from Aleppo and Harran in N.Iraq
- Western force did not wait for other armies, even then arriving in Constantinople, but left Nicomedia ~3 June, carrying Raymond's Holy Lance
- Harried by troops of Kilij Arslan, they eventually encountered the main Turkish armies of Danishmends + allies near Mersivan in early August; Christian army disintegrated and only a few leaders (incl. Raymond of Toulouse and Stephen of Blois) escaped back to Constantinople as the infantry, women, civilians, and many knights were massacred
77
what were the 2 smaller sections of the 1101 crusade?
- Late-arriving force led by William of Nevers tried to set out from Constaintople to join the Lombard army
- Antiquanians and Bavarians set out in mid-July along road of Furst Crusade from Nicaea to Dorylaeum, Philomenium, and Konya
78
how did william of nevers' 1101 force fail?
- mid-August: reached Konya but found his force insufficient to capture or intimidate the city, and too vulnerable to wait for Aquitanians and Bavarians
- decided on a dash for Cilicia, pressing on to Ereghli where his army was surrounded and destroyed - cavalry abandoned the infantry and non-combatants
79
how did Antiquanians and Bavarians 1101 force fail?
- Despite careful and extensive preparation, outside of Byzantine terriotry they quickly ran out of food and Turkish attacks intensified
- Beginning of September: reached Ereghli and were surprised and routed by Kilij Arslan's army
