What was the wider impact of crusading by 1131? Flashcards
(20 cards)
how did the First Crusade help Byzantium?
- Nicaea was recaptured from the Turks in May 1097
- the crusader victory at Dorylaeum Jul7 1097 helped to reduce the threat. Kilj Aslan
how did Byzantium reduce the direct threat to Constantinople, following the first crusade?
Western Anatolia was recaptured by Byzantine forces in the wake of the First Crusade: Smyrna, Ephesus, Sardis, and Philadelphia were recaptured in 1097–1099. The islands of Chios and Rhodes were also recaptured.
What territories did Byzantine forces recapture in the wake of the First Crusade?
- Smyrna
- Ephesus
- Sardis
- Philadelphia
- Chios
- Rhodes
how did the First crusade negatively impact Byzantium?
- The First Crusade had not returned Antioch to Byzantium. Antioch had fallen into the hands of Bohemond, and his successors, Normans with a long history of attacking Byzantium.
- The accounts of the First Crusade that spread throughout Europe were all hostile to the Byzantines who were depicted as treacherous. They put the empire in danger – as shown in Bohemond’s 1107-08 crusade.
why was the fact that Bohemond did not return Antioch to Byzantium a threat?
The Principality of Antioch was a threat. Cilicia and ports like Latakia and St. Simeon were captured from Byzantium by the Franks of Antioch. Frankish Antioch gave Armenians in Cilicia an alternative to Byzantine overlordship.
how did the First Crusade positively impact the papacy?
Having Latin patriarchs of Jerusalem and Antioch who recognised the superiority of the Rome was politically and symbolically useful.
how did crusading by 1131 not impact the papacy?
Pope Urban II died in August 1099 and was succeeded by Paschal II (1099-1118). He continued the investiture struggle with Emperor Henry IV and his successor, Henry V. This continued under Galasius II (1118-1119) and Calixtus II (1119-1124) until September 1122 (The Concordat of Worms). Therefore, the papacy was often heavily focused on the events in Germany, Italy, and Sicily, rather than crusading or Outremer.
how much importance/influence did the papacy have in crusading, after the first crusade?
- Although the Crusade of 1101 was launched as a penitential expedition for those who had not fulfilled their crusading oaths for the First Crusade or had turned back, the initiative for the ‘crusade’ of 1107-08 came from Bohemond (although it did receive papal backing).
- The so-called Norwegian Crusade which arrived in Outremer in 1110 also seems to have been a privately organised expedition by the King of Norway.
- Following the Muslim victory at the Field of Blood in 1119, Baldwin II asked the papacy for a crusade. Calixtus II passed it to the Venetians. Calixtus II confirmed the crusading privileges of the Venetians at the First Lateran Council in December 1122.
how did the papacy attempt to aid Outremer?
Honorius II (1124-1130) was kept busy by conflict between Louis VI of France and his bishops 1126-29. At the Council of Troyes in 1129 Honorius officially recognised the Templars, placing them under papal authority and appointing Baldwin II as their patron. He also tried to mediate in the disputes between the Latin bishops of Outremer.
Why didn’t the Seljuks directly attack Outremer under Barkiyaruq?
The Seljuk Barkiyaruq had become sultan in 1092. He had then been involved in a civil war with Tutush I until 1095. In the ten years that followed he faced constant internal challenges making direct intervention against Outremer impossible.
Why didn’t the Seljuks directly attack Outremer after Barkiyaruq died?
In 1105 Barkiyaruq died. His young son, Malik Shah II, was then murdered by Barkiyaruq’s brother, who became sultan as Muhammad I later in 1105. Within the vast empire, Syria was a distant troubled frontier.
what was the Seljuk sultan’s main agent for indirect intervention against Outremer?
Mawdud of Mosul.
how did Seljuk Sultan Muhammad I act against the Franks of Outremer?
- 1115: Sultan Muhammad I ordered another army into Syria, but it was not really a jihad campaign against the Franks (though it was officially that) as a strike against Tughtegin of Damascus, who, with Il-Ghazi, had risen in open rebellion.
- Tughtegin made an alliance with Roger of Salerno, the new lord of Antioch.
- The sultan’s army, under Bursuq of Hamadan, menaced Tughtegin’s lands.
- The Franks attacked Bursuq near Tell Danith; Bursuq’s army was scattered.
why did Sultan Muhammad I order another army into Syria in 1115?
officially a jihad campaign, it was really a strike against Tughtegin of Damascus, who, with Il-Ghazi, had risen in open rebellion.
who did Tughtegin ally with after Sultan Muhammad I ordered an army into Syria in 1115?
Roger of Salerno
who menaced Tughtegin’s lands for Sultan Muhammad I in 1115?
Bursuq of Hamadan
what happened after seljuk sultan muhammad i died?
After Muhammad I died civil war broke out. Eventually Ahmed Sanjar emerged as the victor, but civil war engulfed the sultanate preventing co-ordinated action against the Franks.
who emerged as the victor of the civil war after seljuk sultan muhammad i died?
ahmed sanjar
preventing co-ordinated Seljuk action against the Franks after muhammad i’s death?
civil war
why did rulers of Mosul like Aq-Sunqur (1124-1126) and Zengi (1127-1146) become interested in Syria?
not because of pressure from the sultan but rather because of their control of Aleppo.
