Why did Christians fight Muslims 1095-1129? Flashcards
(23 cards)
what are 3 main reasons why christians fought muslims 1095-1129?
- Feudal and Social Obligation
- Economic Motivations
- Religious Devotion
what are some limitations to the theory that christians fought muslims 1095-1129 due to feudal and social obligations?
- Crusading was technically a voluntary activity.
- Tancred deliberately chose to leave Baldwin II of Edessa in captivity after Harran in 1104. Baldwin had to fight to recover Edessa from Tancred in 1108.
what are some limitations to the theory that christians fought muslims 1095-1129 for economic gain?
- Crusaders such as Raymond of Toulouse were already extremely wealthy and pious, as were later ones like Fulk of Anjou.
- The Military Orders siphoned wealth from Europe to Outremer.
what are some limitations to the theory that christians fought muslims 1095-1129 due to religious devotion?
- Some crusaders did not complete the journey to Jerusalem
- Bohemond directed his crusade against fellow Christians in Byzantium in 1108.
- After the Field of Blood in 1119, Pope Calixtus II’s appeals to the Latin West in 1120 were widely ignored.
- Frankish leaders in Outremer often made alliances with Muslim leaders against their fellow Latins.
give an example of a crusader who did not complete the journey to jerusalem
Bohemond stayed in Antioch.
give an example of a Frankish leader in Outremer who made an alliance with a Muslim leader against their fellow Latins.
At the battle of Turbessel in 1108, Tancred allied with Ridwan of Aleppo against Baldwin II of Edessa (who was allied with Jawali of Mosul).
what evidence is there that christians fought muslims 1095-99 due to feudal and social obligations?
- Urban II deliberately targeted great feudal lords during his speech at Clermont in Nov 1095.
- Raymond of Toulouse’s retinue is a good example of feudal ties, which included his knights and household.
- the leaders of the crusade
give an example of a first crusade leader who undertook the crusade partly due to feudal and social obligations
- Stephen of Blois was socially pressured into joined the First Crusade by his wife Adela.
- Others undertook the crusade because of kinship/family ties: Bohemond and Tancred - Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin of Boulogne - Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy and Stephen of Blois
what evidence is there that christians fought muslims 1100-1129 due to feudal and social obligations?
- Marriages bound the rulers of Outremer to the Latin West and to each other.
- King Sigurd of Norway brought many men with him on crusade between 1107 and 1110
- Frankish leaders sought to support each other
- Fulk of Anjou
give examples of Marriages which bound the rulers of Outremer to the Latin West and to each other.
- Bohemond married Princess Constance of France in 1106.
- Princess Cecille of France was married to Tancred (1106-1112) and then Pons of Tripoli (1112-1137).
- Roger of Salerno married Cecilia, the sister of Baldwin II.
give an example of Frankish leaders who sought to support each other
Baldwin II and Pons sought to aid Antioch in 1119.
explain how fulk of anjou’s support of the crusader states 1100-1129 is an example of feudal and social obligations
- Fulk of Anjou went to Outremer in 1120 and took 100 knights with him.
- Fulk of Anjou participated in the Damascus Crusade (1129) because he had travelled to Outremer to marry Princess Melisende of Jerusalem and needed to aid his father-in-law, Baldwin II.
what evidence is there that christians fought muslims 1095-99 due to economic gain?
- Europe had been suffering from famine
- The East was traditionally portrayed as the ‘land of milk and honey’
- rise of Primogeniture
- Urban II promised crusaders wealth and also promised to protect their possessions in the West.
- crussder leaders
why would famine in europe have encouraged christians to fight muslims 1095-99?
Crusading was seen as a means of escape from the poor economic conditions of the West. This famine lasted up until 1096.
why would the rise of primogeniture have encouraged christians to fight muslims 1095-99?
The First Crusade was an opportunity for younger sons to gain wealth and territory
what first crusader leaders were mtovated by economic gain?
Many crusaders such as Bohemond of Taranto, Tancred and Baldwin of Boulogne went on crusade to make territorial gains.
what evidence is there that christians fought muslims 1100-1129 due to economic gains?
- The rulers of Outremer were eager to expand their wealth and possessions
- The Norwegian Crusade (1107-1111) heavily focused on plundering Muslim territories.
- The Italian city states aided the Franks in their expansion of the crusader states to expand their trading networks.
give an example of how The rulers of Outremer were eager to expand their wealth and possessions
Raymond carved out the County of Tripoli. Tancred massively expanded the Principality of Antioch.
which crusade heavily focused on plundering Muslim territories?
norwegian crusade
why did the Italian city states aid the Franks in their expansion of the crusader states?
to expand their trading networks; The Italians were able to secure their own economic quarters in towns and were exempt from taxation.
what evidence is there that christians fought muslims 1095-99 due to religious devotion?
- Urban II’s speech at Clermont demonised Muslims, promising Latin Christians remission of sin if they crusaded.
- The threat of the anticipated apocalypse in 1100 convinced Latin Christians of the need to take Jerusalem.
- The importance of Jerusalem to Christians convinced many to join the First Crusade
- The concept of ‘Holy War’ was not new. The papacy had encouraged it in Spain and Sicily.
- Knightly dilemma
why would the Knightly dilemma have encouraged christians to fight muslims 1095-1129?
the First Crusade offered knights the opportunity to kill and be forgiven for their sins.
what evidence is there that christians fought muslims 1100-1129 due to religious devotion?
- After the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 more pilgrims were able to visit the Holy Sepulchre.
- The creation of the Knights Templar 1119 to protect pilgrims emphasised their religious role (likewise the establishment of the Hospitallers in 1113 to care for sick pilgrims).
- There was a switch from capturing the holy places (especially the Holy Sepulchre) to defending them.
- The Templars became increasingly popular through the 1120s with European knights either joining them or campaigning with them temporarily (Fulk in 1120).
