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ELM2 - musculoskeletal > lecture 10 - the spinal cord & autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

lecture 10 - the spinal cord & autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

Brain, brain stem & spinal cord

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2
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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3
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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4
Q

What is the spinal cord a continuation of proximally?

A

The brain stem (medulla oblongata)

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5
Q

What vertebral level does the spinal cord extend to?

A

L1/L2

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6
Q

What is the terminal part of the spinal cord?

A

Conus medullaris

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7
Q

What covers the spinal cord?

A

Meninges

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8
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, pia mater

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9
Q

What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical & Lumbosacral

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10
Q

What is an enlargement in the spinal cord?

A

An area where the cord has more neurons

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11
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A fine filament of connective tissue (part of the pia mater) that fixes the conus modularis to stabilise the spinal cord

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12
Q

What are the 2 parts of the filum terminale?

A

superiorly: Pial part
inferiorly: dural part

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13
Q

At what level does the subarachnoid space end?

A

S2

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14
Q

What layer of the meninges does the CSF circulate in?

A

Sub-arachnoid space

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15
Q

What is the outermost layer of the meninges?

A

Dura mater

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16
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges?

A

Arachnoid mater

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17
Q

What is the innermost layer of the meninges?

A

Pia mater

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18
Q

What is the role of the denticulate ligament?

A

Lateral stabilisation of the spinal cord

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19
Q

What tissue forms the denticulate ligament?

A

Pia mater of the meninges

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20
Q

What structure is formed by the pia mater to stabilise the spinal cord?

A

Denticulate ligament

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21
Q

What is the name for the space between the outer meninges (dura mater) and the vertebral canal?

A

Epidural/extradural space

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22
Q

What is the name for the strands of conective tissue that make up the arachnoid mater?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

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23
Q

What part of the spine is a lumbar puncture done on?

A

Between the spinous processes of L3 and L4 or L4 and L5

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24
Q

What are the key arteries that supply the spinal cord?

A

2 posterior spinal arteries, 1 anterior spinal artery, segmental spinal arteries (1 on each side at each level)

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25
Q

How many posterior spinal arteries supply the spinal cord?

A

2

26
Q

How many anterior spinal arteries supply the spinal cord?

A

1

27
Q

What are the segmental spinal arteries supplied by?

A

The left and right intercostal artery

28
Q

How many segmental spinal arteries supply the spinal cord?

A

2 on each side of the spinal cord at each level

29
Q

What are the key veins that drain the spinal cord?

A

3 posterior spinal veins, 3 posterior spinal veins, the internal vertebral plexus

30
Q

How many anterior spinal veins drain the spinal cord?

A

3

31
Q

How many posterior spinal veins drain the spinal cord?

A

3

32
Q

What are the components of the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior/ventral horn, posterior/dorsal horn, lateral horn (some parts)

33
Q

At what levels is the lateral horn found in the spinal cord?

A

T1-L2

34
Q

What is found in grey matter?

A

Nerve cell bodies

35
Q

What is found in white matter?

A

Nerve cell processes/tracts

36
Q

What are the parts of the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior, posterior, lateral columns

37
Q

What is the name for the ‘hole’ in the middle of the spinal cord?

A

Central canal

38
Q

What is found in the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

CSF

39
Q

Does the ventral or dorsal horn grey matter reach to the edge of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal/posterior

40
Q

What are the 2 types of somatic nerves?

A

Motor (efferent), somatic (afferent)

41
Q

What type of somatic nerve is efferent?

A

motor

42
Q

What type of somatic nerve is afferent?

A

sensory

43
Q

What are the 2 types of visceral nerves?

A

motor (efferent), sensory (afferent)

44
Q

What are visceral nerves?

A

Nerves that control involuntary/autonomic functions of the visceral organs

45
Q

What is the path of somatic motor information?

A

Anterior/ventral horn, anterior rootlets, anterior root, spinal nerve, anterior/posterior ramus, muscle

46
Q

What is the path of soamtic sensory information?

A

sensory nerve ending, anterior/posterior ramus, spinal nerve, spinal ganglion, posterior root, posterior rootlets, posterior/dorsal horn

47
Q

What somatic nerves are found in the posterior ramus?

A

Motor and sensory neurons of the intrinsic back muscles

48
Q

What somatic nerves are found in the anterior ramus?

A

Motor and sensory nerves for all muscles except intrinsic back muscles

49
Q

What neuron cells bodies are found in the dorsal/posterior root?

A

Sensory

50
Q

What neuron cells bodies are found in the ventral/anterior root?

A

motor

51
Q

What spinal levels have sympathetic nerves?

A

T1-L2

52
Q

What is the paravertebral sympathetic trunk?

A

A chain of sympathetic ganglion on either side of the spinal cord and vertebral column

53
Q

What does the symapthetic trunk/chain communicate to the spinal cord via?

A

Communicates with the anterior ramus via the white and grey ramus communicans

54
Q

Where are the pre-vertebral sympathetic ganglia found?

A

In front of the abdominal aorta on the anterior part of the spine

55
Q

Which ramus communicans do preganglionic efferent sympathetic fibres pass through?

A

White ramus communicans

56
Q

What does the white ramus communicans contain?

A

Myelinated axons of efferent sympathetic nerves

57
Q

What does the grey ramus communicans contain?

A

Unmyelinated postganglionic axons

58
Q

What are the 4 possible pathways of preganglion sympathetic fibres entering a paravertebral ganglion ?

A

1.) peripheral innervation from the level of origin of preganglionic fibre
2.) peripheral innervation above or below level of preganglionic fibre.
3.) innervation of thoracic and cervical viscera (internal organs)
4.) innervation of the abdomen, pelvic regions, adrenals

59
Q

What is the pathway of peripheral sympathetic nerves innervating above or below the level of origin of the preganglionic fibre?

A

spinal nerve, anterior ramus, white rami communicans, sympathetic ganglion, ascend/descend trunk to sympathetic ganglion, gray ramus communicans, innervation

60
Q

What is the pathway of sympathetic nerves innervating the thoracic and cervical viscera?

A

spinal nerve, white ramus communicans, sympathetic ganglion, leave ganglia medially to viscera (may combine to form visceral nerves)

61
Q

What is the pathway of sympathetic nerves when innervating the abdomen, pelvis and adrenal glands?

A

Abdomen/Pelvis: Preganglionic fibres pass through sympathetic trunk and paravertebral ganglia without synapsing and form splanchnic nerves
Adrenal glands: Preganglionic fibres directly innervate adrenal glands

ELM2 - musculoskeletal (28 decks)

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