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ELM2 - musculoskeletal > lecture 19 - nerve tissue histology > Flashcards

lecture 19 - nerve tissue histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the histological features of a soma nucleus?

A

Pale (euchromatic), spherical, central

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2
Q

What are the organelle features of a neurone soma?

A

rich in rER and sER to prodcue proteins, nissl bodies, neuronal cytoskeleton

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3
Q

What is the name for aggregations of ER in a neurone soma?

A

Nissl bodies

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4
Q

What part of a neurone contains mitochondria?

A

All parts

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5
Q

What part of a neurone is involved in the afferent signalling system?

A

dendrite

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6
Q

What part of a neurone is involved in the efferent signalling system?

A

Axon/axon terminal

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7
Q

What type of axodendritic connections do dendrites receive?

A

Both excitatory and inhibitory

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8
Q

Where does the axon of a neurone start?

A

At the axon hillock

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9
Q

How can the axon hillock be identified based on organelles present/absent?

A

It is a region free from nissl bodies

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10
Q

What is the name for the expansions at terminal parts of axons?

A

Presynaptic boutons

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11
Q

What are the types of macroglia cells in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

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12
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A

energy store, maintain/regulate synapses, help form blood-brain barrier

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13
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

myelinate CNS axons

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14
Q

How many axon segments can a single oligodendrocyte myelinate?

A

Up to 50

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15
Q

What are microglia?

A

Antigen presenting immune cells of the CNS

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16
Q

How do astrocytes regulate the blood brain barrier?

A

By changing permeability/constriction of blood vessels in the brain

17
Q

What is the distribution of schwann cells in realtiob to axons?

A

Found along axons in longitudinal chains

18
Q

What are the roles of schwann cells apart from myelination?

A

facilitation of axonal regrowth following acute nerve injury.

19
Q

What is a myelin sheath made up of?

A

Tightly wrapped spiral of lipid-rich cell membrane of schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS)

20
Q

How does the wrapping of the myelin sheath occur?

A

Wrapping proceeds from outside to inside, starting with a portion of the axon.

21
Q

How are Schwann cells involved with unmyelinated axons?

A

They envelope multiple axons, but do not wrap them in myelin

22
Q

What is the internode of an axon?

A

A territory myelinated by an oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell, between 2 nodes of ranvier

23
Q

What is a node of ranvier?

A

An interval between two myelinated internodes of an axon

24
Q

How are nodes of ranvier important in propagating action potentials?

A

They have ion pumps for exchanging sodium and potassium ions across membrane to help in propagating depolarisations

25
Q

What are the 3 main connective tissue sheaths of nerve tissue?

A

Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

26
Q

What is the epineurium of peripheral nerves connected to surrounding tissues by?

A

Mesoneurium

27
Q

What is the mesoneurium of nerves?

A

Connective tissue that joins peripheral nerves to outside structures, and contains nerve segmental blood supply

28
Q

What encloses a ganglion?

A

Fibrous connective tissue

29
Q

What type of neurone make up the dorsal root ganglia?

A

Unipolar/pseudounipolar, with both myelinated and unmyelinated axons

30
Q

What part of a neurone is invovled in a ganglioin?

A

Soma

31
Q

What sheath surrounds the soma in the dorsal root ganglion and provides structural and metabolic support?

A

Satellite glial cells

32
Q

What type of neurone make up autonomic ganglia?

A

Multipolar neurons

33
Q

What are the histological differences between autonomic and dorsal root ganglia?

A

autonomic have fewer satellite glial cells, and the neurones soma are more widely spaced as they are separated by dendrites and other axons. dorsal root ganglia are unipolar while autonomic are multipolar

34
Q

What are the 2 types of sensory receptor nerve endings?

A

free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings

35
Q

What are the 5 key types of encapsulated nerve endings?

A

meissner’s corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, ruffini endings, neuromuscular spindle, golgi tendon organs

36
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs found?

A

Near a musculotendinous junction between a muscle and tendon

37
Q

What stimuli will activate golgi tendon organs?

A

Passive stretch/tension in tendon, active contraction of muscle

38
Q

What is the function of golgi tendon organs?

A

They provide proprioceptive information about musculotendinous junctions

ELM2 - musculoskeletal (28 decks)

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