lecture 3 - lower limb muscles Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
What are the 5 key tissue layers in the lower limb?
A
Skin, superficial fascia (hypodermis), deep fascia, muscle, bone
2
Q
What is the term for the deep fascia of the thigh?
A
Fascia lata
3
Q
What is the structure of thickened fascia lata of the thigh?
A
Ilitiobial (IT) band
4
Q
What are the functions of the fascia lata?
A
Decrease friction, aid venous return, form inter-muscular septum to seperate compartments
5
Q
What side of the thigh is the iliotibial band (IT band) on?
A
Lateral side
6
Q
What feature of the femur is on its posterior side?
A
Linea aspera
7
Q
How can the posterior side of the thigh be identified in prosection by the femur?
A
Direction pointed to by linea aspera of femur
8
Q
What are the 3 compartments of the thigh?
A
Anterior, posterior, medial
9
Q
What divides the anterior and posterior compartments of the thigh?
A
lateral inter-muscular septum
10
Q
What divides the anterior and medial compartments of the thigh?
A
medial intermuscular septum
11
Q
What is the name for the fascia of the leg (knee to ankle)?
A
Crural fascia
12
Q
What is the term for thickenings of the deep fascia (crural fascia) in the leg/foot?
A
Retinacula
13
Q
Where is the extensor retinaculum found?
A
On the dorsum of the leg/ankle
14
Q
What are the 2 parts of the extensor retinaculum?
A
Superior extensor retinaculum, inferior retinaculum
15
Q
Where is the fibular retinaculum found?
A
The lateral/fibular side of the ankle
16
Q
What are the 2 parts of the fibular retinaculum?
A
Superior fibular retinaculum, inferior retinaculum
17
Q
What is the function of the retinacula of the leg?
A
Hold/stabilise tendons and allow them to glide smoothly
18
Q
Where is the flexor retinaculum found?
A
The medial side of the ankle
19
Q
What seperates the tibia and fibula?
A
Interosseous membrane
20
Q
What seperates the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg?
A
Anterior intermuscular septum
21
Q
What seperates the anterior and posterior compartments of the leg?
A
The tibia and the interosseous membrane
22
Q
What seperates the lateral and posterior compartments of the leg?
A
Posterior intermuscular septum
23
Q
What are the compartments of the leg?
A
Anterior, lateral, posterior
24
Q
What is compartent syndrome?
A
Increase in pressure within a defined compartment of the limb, demarcated by the fascia
25
What are the 6 muscle types causing the 6 different types of movement at the hip joint?
flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, medial rotators, lateral rotators
26
What are the 4 muscle types causing the 4 different movement types at the knee joint?
extensors, flexors, medial rotators, lateral rotators
27
What are the 4 muscle types causing the 4 different movement types at the ankle joint?
plantarflexors, dorsiflexors, inverters, everters
28
What are the 2 muscle types causing the 2 different movement types at the toe joint?
flexors, extensors
29
What is the term for foot joint extension?
Plantarflexion
30
What is the term for foot joint flexion?
Dorsiflexion
31
What are the 2 primary hip flexors?
Psoas major, iliacus (iliopsoas)
32
What muscles make up iliopsoas?
Psoas major, iliacus
33
What muscle is found on the anterior surface of psoas major if present?
psoas minor
34
What muscles are involved in hip flexion?
Iliopsoas (psoas major + iliacus), psoas minor (if present), pectineous, sartorius, rectus femoris, tensor fascia latae (TFL)
35
What is the term for a muscle’s proximal attachment?
Origin
36
What is the term for a muscle’s distal attachment?
insertion
37
What is the origin of Psoas major?
T12-L5 vertebrae
38
What is the insertion of psoas major?
Lesser trochanter
39
What is the origin of iliacus?
iliac fossa
40
What is the insertion of iliacus?
Lesser trochanter
41
What ligament does illiopsoas pass underneath?
Inguinal ligament
42
What is the origin of tensor fascia latae (TFL)?
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
43
What is the insertion of tensor fasciae latae (TFL)?
The superficial and deep fascia - IT band
44
What is the origin of sartorius?
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
45
What is the insertion of sartorius?
Proximal tibia - tibial tuberosity medial
46
What is the origin of pectineous?
Pectineal line of pubic bone
47
What is the insertion of pectineous?
Pectineal line on posterior surface of femur, just distal to the lesser trochanter
48
What is the origin of psoas minor?
T12 and L1 vertebrae
49
What is the insertion of psoas minor?
Pectineal line of pubis and iliopubic eminence
50
What is the most superfical hip flexor?
Sartorius
51
Which muscle of the quadriceps femoris is invovled in hip flexion?
rectus femoris
52
What is the primary extensor of the hip?
gluteus maximus
53
What are the hip extensors?
gluteus maximus, hamstrings (semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femoris),
54
What muscles make up the hamstrings?
semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femoris,
55
What is the origin of gluteus maximus?
gluteal surface of ilium, sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament
56
What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus?
Gluteal tuberosity of femur, IT band
57
What is the origin of all hamstrings except the short head of the biceps femoris?
Ischial tuberosity
58
What is the origin of semitendonosus?
Ischial tuberosity
59
What is the origin of semimembranosus?
Ischial tuberosity
60
What is the origin of biceps femoris long head?
ischial tuberosity
61
What is the origin of biceps femoris short head?
Linea aspera
62
What is the insertion of semitendonosus?
Medial tibial condyle
63
What is the insertion of semimembranosus?
Medial tibial condyle
64
What is the insertion of biceps femoris?
Head of fibula
65
What order are the hamstrings (medial to lateral)?
semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femoris long head, biceps femoris short head
66
What compartment are the hamstrings within?
Posterior compartment of the thigh
67
What are the hip abductors?
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
68
What is the origin of gluteus medius?
Gluteal surface of ilium
69
What is the origin of gluteus minimus?
Gluteal surface of ilium
70
What is the insertion of gluteus medius?
Greater trochanter
71
What is the insertion of gluteus minimus?
Greater trochanter
72
What is Trendelenburg’s Sign?
A drop in one side of the pelvis due to weakness in the opposite side hip abductors
73
Which muscles are weak causing Trendelenburg’s sign?
Hip abductors - gluteus medius & gluteus minimus
74
What are the hip adductors?
Pectinous, Adductor longus, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Magnus, Gracilis
75
What compartment of the thigh are the hip adductors found in?
Medial compartment
76
What is the order of the hip adductors (lateral to medial)?
Pectineous, Adductor Brevis, Adductor longus, Adductor magnus, gracilis
77
What are the functions of pectineous?
Hip flexion & adduction
78
What is the origin of adductor longus?
Pubic bone under pubic tubercle
79
What is the insertion of adductor longus?
Medial ridge of linea aspera
80
What is the origin of adductor brevis?
Inferior pubic ramus
81
What is the insertion of adductor brevis?
medial ridge of linea aspera
82
What is the origin of adductor magnus?
Inferior pubic ramus & ischial tuberosity
83
What is the insertion of adductor magnus?
Medial ridge of the linea aspera, and adductor tubercle of femur
84
What is the origin of gracilis?
inferior pubic ramus
85
What is the insertion of gracilis?
Pes anserinus region of tibia
86
What is the location of the adductor hiatus?
Gap between the adductor magnus and femur
87
What is the function of the adductor hiatus?
Allows femoral vessels to pass from the anterior of the thigh to the posterior
88
What are the lateral/external rotators of the hip?
Piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externis, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris
89
What is the location of the hip lateral rotators?
The gluteal region (posterior hip)
90
What is the origin of piriformis?
anterior surface of sacrum
91
What is the insertion of piriformis?
Greater trochanter
92
What is the origin of obturator internus?
Medial surface of obturator membrane
93
What is the insertion of obturator internus?
Greater trochanter
94
What is the origin of obturator externus?
Obturator membrane & ischiopubic ramus
95
What is the insertion of obturator externus?
trochanteric fossa (neck of femur)
96
What is the origin of gemellus superior?
ischial spine
97
What is the insertion of gemellus superior?
Greater trochanter
98
What is the origin of gemellus inferior?
Just above Ischial tuberosity
99
What is the insertion of gemellus inferior?
Greater trochanter
100
What is the origin of quadratus femoris?
Ishial tuberosity
101
What is the insertion of quadratus femoris?
Intertrochanteric crest
102
What bone are the lateral hip rotators inserted onto?
Proximal demur - greater trochanter, intertrochanteric crest
103
What are the medial/internal rotators of the hip?
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus (assistance by most adductors)
104
What is the order of the lateral hip rotators (superior to inferior)?
Piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, obturator externus, gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris
105
What are the knee extensors?
Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis)
106
What are the muscles of the quadriceps femoris?
rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis
107
What is the origin of rectus femoris?
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine, Supraacetabular groove (ischium)
108
What is the insertion of rectus femoris?
Tibial tuberosity, patella
109
What is the origin of vastus medialis?
Intertrochanteric line (femur), linea aspera
110
What is the insertion of vastus medialis?
Tibial tuberosity, patella
111
What is the origin of vastus intermedius?
Anterior surface of femur
112
What is the insertion of vastus intermedius?
Tibial tuberosity, patella
113
What is the origin of vastus lateralis?
Intertrochanteric line, greater trochanter
114
What is the insertion of vastus lateralis?
Tibial tuberosity, patella
115
What compartment are the quadricps found in?
Anterior compartment of the thigh
116
What is the muscle deep to rectus femoris?
Vastus intermedius
117
How do the quadriceps insert into the tibia?
Via the patella ligament
118
What attaches the quadriceps to the patella?
Quadriceps femoris tendon
119
What is the function of the quadriceps femoris tendon?
Attach the quadriceps to the patella
120
What part of the quadriceps stabilises the patella to prevent lateral dislocation?
Vastus medialis oblique (VMO) - part of vastus medialis
121
What muscle is found in the anterior compartment of the thigh but is not part of the quadriceps?
Sartorius
122
What are the knee flexors?
Hamstrings (semimembranosus, semitendonosus, biceps femoris)
123
What is Pes-Anserinous?
An area just inferior to the medial tibial condyle where several thigh muscles attach
124
What muscles attach at Pes-Anserinous?
Sartorius, Gracilis, Semitendonosus
125
What is the order of muscles attaching to Pes-Anserinous (anterior to posterior on condyle)?
Sartorius, Gracilis, Semitendonosus (Say Grace before Tea)
126
What are the lateral rotators of the knee?
Biceps femoris (of the hamstrings)
127
What are the medial rotators of the knee?
Semitendonosus & semimembranosus (of the hamstrings)
128
In what position will the knee facilitate rotation?
Flexed
129
What are the ankle dorsiflexors?
Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus,
130
What muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis tertius
131
What is origin of tibialis anterior?
Upper half of lateral tibia
132
What is the insertion of tibialis anterior?
Medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal
133
What is the origin of extensor hallucis longus?
Middle of fibula
134
What is the insertion of extensor hallucis longus?
Hallux (big toe)
135
What is the origin of extensor digitorum longus?
Lateral condyle of tibia
136
What is the insertion of extensor digitorum longus?
Phalanges of 4 digits
137
What are the ankle plantaflexors?
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior
138
What are the superficial ankle plantarflexors?
triceps surae (gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris (if present))
139
What are the deep ankle plantarflexors?
Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior
140
What are the muscles of triceps surae?
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
141
What is the location of triceps surae?
Posterior compartment of the leg
142
What is the origin of gastrocnemius?
Heads on lateral & medial condyles of the femur
143
what is the insertion of gastrocnemius?
Calcaneous (via Achilles/Calcaneal) tendon
144
What is the origin of soleus?
Fibula, tibia
145
What is the insertion of soleus?
Calcaneus via Achilles tendon
146
What is the origin of plantaris?
Supracondylar ridge of femur
147
What is the insertion of plantaris?
Calcaneous
148
What are the actions of flexor hallucis longus?
Hallux flexion, plantatflexion
149
What is the origin of flexor hallucis longus?
Posterior fibula
150
What is the insertion of flexor hallucis longus?
Plantar surface of hallux (great toe)
151
What are the actions of flexor digitorum longus?
Plantarflexion, flexion of the 4 small digits of the foot
152
What is the origin of tibialis posterior?
Tibia and fibula
153
What is the insertion of tibialis posterior?
Tarsals (navicular & medial cuneiform)
154
What muscle is in the deep posterior leg but is not a plantaflexor?
Popliteus
155
What is the action of popliteus?
Stabilisation and rotation of the knee - lateral rotation of the femur, medial rotation of the tibia
156
What is the origin of popliteus?
Lateral femoral epicondyle
157
What is the insertion of popliteus?
Posterior surface of proximal tibia
158
What are the subtalar joint invertors?
Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior
159
What tendons are involved in subtalar inversion?
Tibialis anterior tendon, Tibilias posterior tendon
160
What are the subtalar joint evertors?
Fibularis longus, Fibularis brevis
161
In what compartment are the subtalar evertors found?
Lateral compartment
162
What is the origin of fibularis longus?
proximal fibula
163
What is the insertion of fibularis brevis?
First metatarsal, medial cuneiform
164
What is the origin of fibularis brevis?
Lower 2/3s of lateral fibula
165
What is the insertion of fibularis brevis?
Fifth metatarsal
166
What are the key toe flexors?
Leg muscles: flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, Intrinsic sole muscles: Flexor hallucis brevis, Flexor digitorum brevis
167
What leg muscles are invovled in toe flexion?
Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
168
What intrinsic muscles in the sole of the foot are involved in toe flexion (2)?
Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum brevis
169
What are the key toe extensors?
leg muscles: extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, intrinsic foot dorsum muscle: extensor digitorum brevis
170
What muscles of the leg are involved in toe extension?
Extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
171
What intrinsic muscle of the dorsum of the foot is involved in toe extension?
Extensor digitorum brevis
172
What modification of the deep plantar fascia covers the muscles in the sole of the foot?
Plantar aponeurosis
173
Where is the plantar aponeurosis anchored to?
the calcaneal tuberosity
174
What are the functions of the plantar aponeurosis?
protect deep structures in sole of foot, support longitudinal arch, stabilise skin, maintain foot shape
175
What is plantar fasciitis
Inflammation of the plantar fascia at the calcaneus due to prolonged standing or running
