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ELM2 - musculoskeletal > lecture 6 - back & vertebral column > Flashcards

lecture 6 - back & vertebral column Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 key functions of the vertebral column?

A

Support, movement, protection

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2
Q

What are the 5 regional divisions of the vertebral column?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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3
Q

How many total vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

33

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4
Q

How many mobile vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

24

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5
Q

How many fused vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?

A

9

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6
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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7
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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8
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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9
Q

How many fused sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5

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10
Q

How many fused coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

3-4

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11
Q

What are the 2 curvatures of the spine?

A

primary/kyphosis, secondary/lordosis

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12
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

The primary curvature of the spine - concave forwards

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13
Q

What is lordosis?

A

secondary curvature - vertebral column convex forward

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14
Q

Which regions of the vertebral column have kyphosis/primary curvature?

A

thoracic, sacral

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15
Q

What regions of the vertebral column have lordosis/secondary curvature?

A

cervical, lumbar

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16
Q

What is hyperkyphosis?

A

A ‘hunchback’ caused by an increase in the primary curve (particularly of the thoracic vertebrae)

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17
Q

What is hyper-lordosis?

A

Increase in the seocndary curve (particularly of the lumbar vertebrae)

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18
Q

What is the clinical term for lateral deviation of the vertebral column?

A

Scoliosis

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19
Q

What movement is extension of the vertebral column?

A

Leaning head backwards

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20
Q

What movement is flexion of the vertebral column?

A

Leaning the body forwards

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21
Q

What part of a vertebra is most anterior?

A

Vertebral body

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22
Q

What part of a vertebra is most posterior?

A

Spinous process

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23
Q

What parts of a vertebra extend most laterally?

A

Transverse processes

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24
Q

what are the 2 main components of a vertebra?

A

Vertebral body, vertebral arch

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25
What connects the vertebral body and vertebral arch?
pedicle
26
What connects the transverse & apinous processes?
Lamina
27
What are all the processes of a vertebra?
2 transverse processes, 1 spinous process, 2 superior articular processes, 2 inferior articular processes
28
What are the 2 atypical cervical verebrae?
C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)
29
What is the name for C1 vertebrae?
Atlas
30
What is the name for the C2 vertebra?
Axis
31
What does the Atlas articulate with?
Axis inferiorly, cranium superiorly
32
What is the joint between C1 and C2?
Atlantoaxial joint
33
Which feature of the axis provides a pivot for rotation?
Dens
34
What are the features of the body of cervical vertebrae?
Small, delicate, saddle-shaped
35
What are the features of the spinous process of cervical vertebrae?
Short, bifid (split in process)
36
What are the features of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae?
Have a transverse foramen for the transverse vertebral arteries to pass through
37
What are the features of the vertebral foramen of cervical foramen?
large, triangular/heart shape
38
Which vertebrae have a transverse foramen?
Cervical
39
Which vertebrae have a bifid spinous process?
cervical
40
Where do the vertebral arteries pass through in the spinal cord?
The transverse foramens of the cervical vertebrae
41
What are the features of the atlas?
No vertebral body, no spinous process, facet for skull articulation, facet for dens articulation
42
What are the features of the axis?
Dens, bifid spinous process, facet for articulation with atlas
43
What is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Joint between the atlas (C1) and the cranium
44
What is the function of the atlanto-occipital joint?
flexion & extension at the neck (nodding)
45
What is the function of the atlanto-axial joint?
Right and left rotation (shaking head)
46
Which ligaments hold the dens in place in the atlanto-axial joint?
Transverse ligament, cruciform ligament
47
What are the features of the body of the thoracic vertebrae?
2 demifacets for articulation with head of ribs
48
What are the features of the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae?
1 full facet on each for articulation with the ribs
49
What are the features of the spinous process of thoracic vertebrae?
long, posterior, inferiorly directed (pointing downwards)
50
What are the 2 points of articulation of the ribs with the thoracic vertebrae?
head of ribs, tubercle/neck of rib
51
Which vertebrae do the ribs articulate with?
thoracic
52
What are the features of the body of the lumbar vertebrae?
Large, kidney shaped
53
What are the features of the vertebral foramen of the lumbar vertebrae?
triangular shaped
54
What are the features of the spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae?
large, short, thick
55
What are the features of the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae?
long, slender
56
Which vertebrae are the strongest?
Lumbar
57
Which vertebrae have the biggest posterior space between them?
Lumbar
58
What is the term for the vertical passage through the sacrum?
sacral canal
59
What is the term for the distal opening of the sacral canal?
Sacral hiatus
60
What are the 2 types of lateral foramen of the sacrum?
Anterior sacral foramen, posterior sacral foramen
61
What is the term for the most anterior tip of the sacrum?
Sacral promontory
62
What is the long name for the Z joint?
zygapophysial joint
63
What is the name for the joint between two articular processes of 2 vertebrae?
Z joint - zygaopophysial joint
64
What class of joint is the Z-joint?
plane synovial
65
What dictates the relative movement at Z joints in different parts of the spine?
The orientation/shape of the articular processes at each level
66
Which movements are limited at the intevertebral joints of the thoracic vertebrae?
flexion/extension
67
Which movements are limited at the intevertebral joints of the lumbar vertebrae?
rotation, lateral flexion
68
What is the function of the intervertebral foramen?
To allow structures such as spinal nerves and blood vessels to pass in and out of the vertebral canal
69
What are the components of an intervertebral disc?
Anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus
70
What is the anulus fibrosus, and what is its structure?
Outer layer of intervertertebral disc, made of ring of circular collagen fibres
71
What is the nucleus pulposus, and what is its structure?
Central component of interverterbral disc, fluid/gelatinous centre
72
What are the functions of the intervertebral discs?
Resist compression, bind vertebrae, absorb shock, resist motion/stabilise
73
What are the ligaments between vertebral bodies?
Anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament
74
What is the ligament between vertebral laminae?
Ligamentum flavum
75
Where is the ligamentum flavum found?
Between adjacent vertebral lamina in the vertebral column
76
Which ligaments are found between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae?
Interspinous ligament, supraspinous ligament
77
Where are the Interspinous ligaments located?
Between the superior/inferior surfaces of the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
78
Where is the supraspinous ligament located?
Runs vertically down the ends of the adjacent spinous processes
79
What structure is continuous with the supraspinous ligament between C7 and the skull?
Ligamentum nuchae
80
Which ligament is the ligamentum nuchae a continuation of?
The supraspinous ligament
81
At which spinal level is the ligamentum nuchae found?
cervical - between base of skull & C7
82
What are the 2 groups of back muscles?
Superficial/extrinsic, deep/intrinsic
83
What are the 5 superficial back muscles?
Trapezius, lattismus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major
84
What is the medial group of deep back muscles called?
Erector spinae
85
What are the 3 muscles of erector spinae (medial to lateral)?
Spinalis, Longissmus, Iliocostalis
86
What are the 7 key deep muscles of the back?
Splenius, erector spinae (spinalis, longissmus, ilicostalis), semispinalis, rotators, multifidus

ELM2 - musculoskeletal (28 decks)

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