lecture 2 - lower limb bones/joints Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 regions of the lower limb?
A
Gluteal, thigh, leg, foot
2
Q
What are the bones of the lower limb?
A
Sacrum, coccyx, hip bone (ilium, ischium, pubis), femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
3
Q
What bones make up the pelvis?
A
Ilium, ischium pubis
4
Q
What bones are found in the gluteal region?
A
Sacrum, coccyx, hip (ilium, ischium, pubis)
5
Q
What bones are found in the thigh region?
A
Femur, patella
6
Q
What part of the hip bone does the femur articulate with?
A
The acetabulum
7
Q
What covers the obturator foramen?
A
Obturator membrane
8
Q
What is the name for the gap in the obturator membrane?
A
Obturator canal
9
Q
What is the joint between the pubis of the left and right hip bones?
A
The pubic symphysis
10
Q
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?
A
Ventrally synovial, dorsally fibrous
11
Q
Why is the sacroiliac joint fibrous on the dorsal aspect?
A
It has the strong interosseous ligament
12
Q
What are the ligaments of the sacroiliac joints?
A
Interosseous sacroiliac, posterior sacroiliac, anterior sacroiliac
13
Q
What is the deep ligament os the sacroiliac joint?
A
Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
14
Q
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
A
Fibrocartilaginous
15
Q
What are the ligaments at the pubic symphysis?
A
Superior pubic, inferior pubic
16
Q
What is the space that sits superior to the sacrospinous ligament?
A
The greater sciatic foramen
17
Q
What is the space thats sits inferior to the sacrospinous ligament?
A
Lesser sciatic foramen
18
Q
What ligament joins the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle?
A
The inguinal ligament
19
Q
What is the ligament between the sacrum and the ischial spine?
A
Sacrospinous ligament
20
Q
What is the ligament between the sacrum and the ischial tuberosity?
A
Sacrotuberous ligament
21
Q
What class of joint is the hip joint?
A
Synovial ball & socket
22
Q
What are the bony components of the hip joint?
A
Head of the femur, acetabulum of the pelvic bone
23
Q
What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
A
Increases shock absorption and mobility of the hip joint
24
Q
What movements are possible at the hip joint?
A
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial & lateral rotation, circumduction
25
What is the name for the prominence between the the greater and lesser trochanter on the anterior surface?
Intertrochanteric line
26
What is the name for the prominence between the the greater and lesser trochanter on the posterior surface?
Intertrochanteric crest
27
What is the function of the acetabular labrum?
Increases boney congruence (depth of the socket)
28
What is the name for the indentation on the head of the femur where the ligament attaches>
Fovea
29
What ligament crosses the acetabulum to stabilise the hip joint?
Transverse acetabular ligament
30
What ligament attaches the fovea to the acetabulum?
The ligament of the head of the femur
31
What vessel supplies the ligament of the head of the femur?
The artery of the ligament of the head of the femur
32
What are the arterial branches of the obturator artery that eventually supply the head of the femur?
Obturator artery -> acetabular branch of the obturator artery -> artery of the ligament of the head of the femur
33
What structure surrounds the ligament of the head of the femur?
Synovial sleeve
34
What are the 3 capsular ligaments of the hip joint?
Iliofemoral, ishiofemoral, pubofemoral
35
Where do the capsular ligaments of the hip attach to the hip bone?
Edges of the acetabulum
36
Where do the capsular ligaments of the hip attach to the femur?
anteriorly to intertrochanteric line, posteriorly to neck
37
What movements are stabilised by the iliofemoral ligament?
extension, external rotation, adduction at the hip
38
What movements are stabilised by the ishiofemoral ligament?
Extension, internal rotation, abduction at the hip
39
What movements are stabilised by the pubofemoral ligament?
Extension, external rotation, abduction
40
What are the 3 key blood supplies to the hip joint?
medial & lateral circumflex femoral arteries, artery of head of femur, medullary vessels
41
Where do the medial & lateral circumflex femoral arteries arise?
Deep femoral artery, which is a branch of the femoral artery
42
During which stage of development is the femur supplied by medullary vessels?
After the fusion of epiphysis
43
What are the 2 classes of hip joint fracture in terms of location?
Extracapsular, intracapsular
44
What are the 2 types of extracapsular fracture of the hip joint?
trochanteric, sub-trochanteric
45
Where do intracapsular fractures of the hip joint usually occur?
The neck of the femur
46
What class of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial, condylar
47
What part of the femur articulates at the knee joint?
Femoral condyles (medial & lateral)
48
What part of the tibia articulates at the knee joint?
Tibial condyles (medial & lateral)
49
What bone does the patella articulate with?
Femur (patello-femoral joint)
50
What type of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid
51
What feature of the knee joint increases congruency and absorbs shock?
Menisci (lateral & medial)
52
What movements are possible at the knee?
Flexion/extension, rotation of flexed knee
53
What part of the tibia sits between the femoral condyles?
The intercondylar eminence
54
What are the menisci?
C-shaped Fibrocartilage that sits between the femur and tibia at the knee joint to increase congruency, absorb shock, and distribute axial load
55
What are the 2 key types of knee joint stabilising ligaments?
Cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments
56
What are the 2 cruciate ligaments?
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
57
What are the 2 knee collateral ligaments?
Medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
58
What tendon stabilises the knee joint?
Popliteal tendon
59
What ligament stabilises the knee and attaches the patella to the tibia?
The patella ligament
60
What are the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament?
Anterior tibial intercondylar eminence to lateral condyle of femur
61
What are the attachments of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)?
posterior of tibial intercondylar eminence to medial condyle of femur
62
What is the role of the ACL?
Prevent anterior displacement of tibia
63
What is the role of the PCL?
Prevent posterior displacement of the tibia
64
What are the attachments of the medial collateral ligament (MCL)?
medial femoral condyle and medial surface of tibia
65
What are the attachments of the lateral collateral ligament?
lateral femoral epicondyle and head of fibula
66
What is the function of the MCL?
prevent valgus force/abduction(lateral movement)
67
What cartilaginous structure does the MCL attach to?
medial meniscus
68
Which collateral ligament attaches to a meniscus?
Medial Collateral ligament - attaches to the medial meniscus
69
What is the function of the Lateral Collateral Ligament?
Prevent varus force/adduction
70
What are bursae?
Fluid-filled sacs that cushion joints
71
Which of the bursae of the knee communicates with the joint cavity?
Suprapatellar bursa
72
Which bursa sits deep to the patella?
Suprapatellar bursa
73
Which structure sits superficial to the patella to provide cushioning?
Prepatellar bursa
74
Which bursae sit inferior to the patella?
Infrapatella bursa (superficial & deep)
75
What bones does the tibia articulate with?
Femur, talus, fibula
76
What bones does the fibula articulate with?
Tibia, talus
77
What joints connect the tibia and fibula?
Superior & inferior tibiofibular joints
78
What membrane joins the tibia fibula?
Interosseous membrane
79
What is the function of the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula?
Holds tibia & fibula together, muscle attachment, force transmission, compartment seperation
80
Which ligaments support the posterior tibiofibular ligament?
Anterior & posterior tibiofibular ligament
81
How many tarsal bones are there?
7
82
How many metatarsals are there?
5
83
How many phalanges are there in the foot?
14
84
What are the bones in the tarsal group?
calcaneous, talus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
85
Is the cuboid found on the lateral or medial side of the foot?
Lateral
86
Is the navicular found on the medial or lateral side of the foot?
Medial
87
Which toe is the 1st metatarsal of?
Great toe
88
How many phalanges does each toe have?
3 on each, 2 on great toe (14 total)
89
What is the alternative name for the ankle joint?
Talocrural joint
90
What class is the ankle/talocrural joint?
synovial, hinge joint
91
What are the 3 bones involved in the ankle joint?
Talus, tibia, fibula
92
What part of the fibula articulates at the ankle joint?
lateral malleolus
93
What parts of the tibia articulate at the ankle joint?
Distal end AND medial malleolus
94
What part of the talus articulates at the ankle joint?
Trochlear surface
95
What movements are possible at the ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion (flexion), plantarflexion (extension)
96
What are the bones of the subtalar joint?
Talus, calcaneous
97
What movments are possible at the subtalar joint?
inversion (adduction) & eversion (inversion)
98
What class is the subtalar joint?
Synovial, modified multi-axial
99
What is the function of the medial/deltoid ligament of the ankle?
Prevent valgus force/abduction
100
What is the function of the lateral ligament of the ankle?
Prevent varus force/adduction
101
What are the 4 types of joint in thre foot?
Intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, interphalangeal
102
What class are intertarsal joints?
Plane synovial
103
What class are tarsometatarsal joints?
Plane synovial
104
What class are metatarsophalangeal joints?
Ellipsoid
105
What class are interphalangeal joints?
Hinge
106
What are the 3 arches of the foot?
Transverse, medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal
107
What ligaments support the arches of the feet?
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament), short plantar ligament, long plantar ligament, plantar aponeurosis
108
What is the name for a presentation of high arches of the feet?
Pes cavus
109
What is the name for a presentation of flat arches of the feet?
Pes planus
