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ELM2 - musculoskeletal > lecture 17 - muscle histology > Flashcards

lecture 17 - muscle histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of striated muscle?

A

skeletal, cardiac

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of involuntary muscles?

A

cardiac, smooth

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4
Q

What are the units within a skeletal muscle, from biggest to smallest?

A

muscle, fascicle, muscle cell/fibre, myofibril, myofilaments

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5
Q

Are skeletal muscle fibres branched or unbranched?

A

unbranched

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6
Q

What is the shape and orientation of muscle cell nuclei?

A

oval, periphery, multiple nuclei

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7
Q

What is the term for the cytoplasm of a muscle cell?

A

sarcoplasm

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8
Q

What is the term for the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell?

A

sarcolemma

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9
Q

What is the outer layer of a muscle cell?

A

basal lamina

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10
Q

What is the basil lamina of a muscle cell?

A

A connective tissue/collagen covering on top of hte sarcolemma

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11
Q

What is a skeletal muscle triad?

A

A group of 3 vessels that goes deep into the muscle fibre from the surface, made up of a T-tubule and 2 terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

What are the components of a skeletal muscle triad?

A

1 T-tubule, 2 terminal cisternae

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13
Q

What are skeletal muscle T-tubules?

A

Invaginations of the sarcolemma that penetrate between the myofibrils in a transverse plane

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14
Q

What are skeletal muscle terminal cisternae?

A

Expanded sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum that penetrate in between the myofibrils

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15
Q

Which sarcolemma band is a T-triad located at in skeletal muscle?

A

the A band

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16
Q

What is the boundary of a sarcomere at each end?

A

Z line

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17
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A single contractile unit of a myofibril

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18
Q

What proteins make up myofibrils?

A

Actin (20%), myosin (60%), other proteins (20%)

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19
Q

What is the I band of a sarcomere?

A

Isotropic band - The part of either side of a Z disc formed by non-overlapping parts of actin/thin filaments

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20
Q

What is the A band of a sarcomere?

A

Anisotropic band - band with thick filaments plus the overlapping ends of thin filaments, including the H zone in the middle which just contains non-overlapping thick filaments.

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21
Q

What is the H zone of a sarcomere?

A

The central non-overlapping zone of thick filaments in the middle of a sarcomere

22
Q

What is the line that marks the centre of a sarcomere?

A

M line

23
Q

How many neurones can innervate a single muscle cell?

A

Only 1

24
Q

What is the name for motor terminals of motor neurones on muscles?

A

Motor end plate

25
Q

What is the process of muscle contraction, from action potential to cross bridge cycling?

A

1.) action potential at neuromuscular junction / motor end plate
2.) depolarisation of sarcolemma
3.) propagation of depolarisation down T-tubules
4.) Ca2+ release from terminal cisternae
5.) Ca2+ binding to troponon, displacing tropomyosin and exposing myosin binding sites
6.) cross bridge cycle

26
Q

What happens to the length of the I band during contraction?

A

Shortens

27
Q

What happens to the length of the A band during contraction?

A

remains the same

28
Q

What happens to the length of the H band during contraction?

A

shortens

29
Q

What protein anchors actin to the outer basal lamina in a myofibril?

A

Dystrophin

30
Q

What protein is absent in Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy?

A

Dystrophin

31
Q

What are the 5 layers of connective tissue coverings of the layers within a muscle?

A

Outer to inner: Fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, basal lamina

32
Q

What type of collagen is found in the epimysium?

A

Collagen Type I

33
Q

What connective tissue layer contains muscle spindles?

A

Perimysium

34
Q

What connective tissue layer contains capillaries and nerve fibres?

A

Endomysium

35
Q

What connective tissue layer is the site of metabolic exchange?

A

The endomysium

36
Q

What is the function of muscle spindles?

A

They are mechanoreceptors essential for proprioception - sensitive to stretch

37
Q

Where are muscle spindles located?

A

In between muscle fascicles

38
Q

What connective tissue layer covers a muscle spindle?

A

A capsule, which is an extension of the perimysium

39
Q

What are the small muscle fibres within the fuse/spindle of a muscle spindle?

A

IFF - intrafusal fibres

40
Q

What are extrafusal fibres of a muscle spindle?

A

The normal muscle fibres found outside the capsule of a muscle spindle

41
Q

What is the process of muscle spindle activation?

A

muscle stretch causes change in muscle length,
force converted to capsule,
afferent nerve stimulation,
transmission to spinal cord,
extrafusal muscle activation and contraction

42
Q

What cells are found on the periphery of muscle fibres and aid in repair?

A

Satellite cells

43
Q

Where are muscle satellite cells located?

A

Periphery of muscle fibres, between sarcolemma and basal lamina

44
Q

Why are muscle satellite cells normally inactive?

A

They are involved in muscle repair, but only in early postnatal life or in acute injuries.

45
Q

What tissue makes up tendons?

A

Regular dense fibrous connective tissue

46
Q

What cells produce tendon matrix?

A

Tenocytes

47
Q

Where is the tendon blood/nutrient supply derived from?

A

The external connective or synovial tissue

48
Q

What is a myotendinous junction?

A

A place where muscle fibres and tendons interlock/attach

49
Q

How are muscles fibres and tendons attached at myotendinous junctions?

A

Specialised proteins connect actin of last sarcomere to sarcolemma, basal lamina and then tendon collagen

50
Q

What is an osteotendinous junction?

A

The point where tendons and bones are connected

51
Q

What allows bone and tendons to interlock at an osteotendinous junction?

A

Fibrous or fibrocartilaginous insertions

ELM2 - musculoskeletal (28 decks)

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