Lecture 14 - The Neck

Question 1

What does the investing layer of fascia surround?

Answer 1

neck, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

Question 2

What does the muscular layer of the pretracheal fascia surround?

Answer 2

infrahyoid muscles

Question 3

What sheath surrounds the vascular compartment?

Answer 3

carotid sheath

Question 4

What does the visceral layer of fascia encircle?

Answer 4

neurovasculature

Question 5

What are the 5 layers of the deep cervical fascia?

Answer 5

1. investing layer of cervical fascia
2. muscular layer of pretracheal fascia
3. visceral layer of pretracheal fascia
4. carotid sheath
5. prevertebral fascia

Question 6

Which 2 veins drain blood from the superficial anterior neck?

Answer 6

anterior jugular vein
external jugular vein

Question 7

Where do the anterior and external jugular veins drain?

Answer 7

into the subclavian veins

Question 8

Why is a vertical incision use during a cricothyrotomy?

Answer 8

because the anterior jugular veins can be damaged

Question 9

What are the “strap muscles” of the neck broadly grouped into?

Answer 9

suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

Question 10

What is the primary action of the strap muscles?

Answer 10

moving the hyoid bone

Question 11

What does the movement of the hyoid bone indirectly effect?

Answer 11

affect the pitch of the voice

Question 12

Why does the movement of the hyoid bone indirectly effect the pitch of the voice?

Answer 12

beause of its connection with the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Question 13

What are the 2 primary functions of the suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 13

1. elevates the hyoid
2. depress mandible when the hyoid is fixed

Question 14

What are the 2 primary functions of the infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 14

1. depresses the hyoid
2. moves the larynx

Question 15

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

Answer 15

1. mylohyoid
2. digastric (ant. + post. bellies)
3. stylohyoid
4. geniohyoid

Question 16

What are the 2 bellies of the digastric muscle joined by?

Answer 16

intermediate tendon

Question 17

Do the digastric muscles directly attach to the hyoid bone?

Answer 17

no

Question 18

Which 2 muscles are often together as some of the boundaries of the neck?

Answer 18

stylohyoid and the posterior belly of the digastric

Question 19

What sling does the digastric muscle have?

Answer 19

facial sling

Question 20

What is the geniohyoid innervated by?

Answer 20

anterior ramus of C1 via hypoglossal nerve

Question 21

What are the mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric muscles innervated by?

Answer 21

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve CN V3

Question 22

What are the stylohoid and the posterior belly of digastric muscles innervated by?

Answer 22

facial nerve CN VII

Question 23

What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 23

1. sternohyoid
2. thyrohoid
3. sternothyroid
4. omohyoid

Question 24

What are teh superior and inferior bellies of the omohyoid joined by?

Answer 24

intermediate tendon

Question 25

What is the ansa cervicalis formed by?

Answer 25

anterior rami of C1-C3

Question 26

What nerve does the anterior ramus of C1 hitchhike on?

Answer 26

hypoglossal nerve

Question 27

What levels are the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?

Answer 27

C1-C2

Question 28

What levels are the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis?

Answer 28

C2-C3

Question 29

What is the function of the thyrohyoid?

Answer 29

raises larynx when hyoid bone is fixed

Question 30

What is the function of the sternothyroid?

Answer 30

depresses larynx

Question 31

What are the 2 actions of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 31

uni: contralateral rot, ipsilateral flexion bi: ext. of head/neck, flexion of neck

Question 32

What is the innervation of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 32

spinal accessory nerve

Question 33

What are the 2 triangles of the neck?

Answer 33

anterior and posterior triangles

Question 34

What are the 4 divisions of the anterior triangle?

Answer 34

1. submandibular (digastric) 2. submental 3. muscular (omotracheal) 4. carotid

Question 35

What are the 3 boundaries of the anterior triangle?

Answer 35

1. inferior border of the mandible 2. ant. border of sternocleidomastoid 3. midline of neck

Question 36

What are the 3 boundaries of the posterior triangle?

Answer 36

1. post. border of sternocleidomastoid 2. ant. border of trapezius 3. superior border of clavicle

Question 37

What neurovasculature is found in the posterior triangle?

Answer 37

external jugular vein spinal accessory nerve

Question 38

What is found in the punctum nervosum?

Answer 38

cutaneous branches of the cervical plexes C2-C4

Question 39

What is the floor of the posterior triangle formed by?

Answer 39

1. levator scapulae 2. middle scalene 3. anterior scalene 4. posterior scalene

Question 40

Which 2 muscles does the brachial plexus emerge from?

Answer 40

anteiror and middle scalenes

Question 41

Which triangle is the only unpaired triangle?

Answer 41

submental triangle

Question 42

What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle? (3)

Answer 42

1. ant. belly of digastric 2. post. belly of digastric/stylohoid 3. inferior border of mandible

Question 43

What are the major contents of the submandibular triangle? (5)

Answer 43

1. submandibular gland 2. lymph nodes 3. CN XII 4. nerve to mylohyoid 5. facial artery

Question 44

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle? (2)

Answer 44

1. ant. belly of digastric (bilaterally) 2. hyoid bone

Question 45

What are the major contents of the submental triangle? (2)

Answer 45

1. anterior jugular vein 2. lymph nodes

Question 46

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle? (3)

Answer 46

1. sup. belly of omohyoid 2. ant. border of sternocleidomastoid 3. midline of neck

Question 47

What are the major contents of the muscular triangle? (3)

Answer 47

1. infrahoids 2. thyroid gland 3. larynx

Question 48

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle? (3)

Answer 48

1. sup. belly of omohyoid 2. ant. border of sternocleidomastoid 3. post. belly of digastric

Question 49

What are the major contents of the carotid triangle? (5)

Answer 49

1. carotid aa. (common, internal, external) 2. internal jugular v. 3. CN X, XI, XII 4. ansa cervicalis 5. superior laryngeal nerve

Question 50

Between which vein and artery is the vagus nerve found in the carotid triangle?

Answer 50

internal jugular vein and carotid arteries

Question 51

In addition to some of the infrahyoid muscles, the muscular triangle also contains...

Answer 51

the larynx, trachea, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands

Question 52

Which gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body?

Answer 52

thyroid gland

Question 53

What glands are found on the thyroid gland?

Answer 53

parathyroid glands (4; 2 superior and 2 inferior)

Question 54

What is the pyramidal lobe on the thyroid gland a remnant of?

Answer 54

thyroglossal duct

Question 55

What are the 2 arteries involved in thyroid vasculature?

Answer 55

superior thyroid (from external carotid) and inferior thyroid artery (from subclavian)

Question 56

What is found near the lobes of the thyroid gland?

Answer 56

recurrent branches of the vagus nerves

Question 57

What nerves are at risk during a thyroidectomy?

Answer 57

laryngeal nerves

Question 58

What does damage to an external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve result in?

Answer 58

monotone voice

Question 59

What does damage to a recurrent laryngeal nerve result in?

Answer 59

hoarseness

Question 60

What is found in the thyroid venous plexus?

Answer 60

1. superior thyroid vein 2. middle thyroid vein 3. inferior thyroid vein